铝胁迫下一氧化氮对巨尾桉生长及生理的影响

2020-03-02 11:36罗文姬罗必敬蒋霞侯文娟王凌晖
热带作物学报 2020年1期
关键词:毒害速生一氧化氮

罗文姬 罗必敬 蒋霞 侯文娟 王凌晖

摘  要:酸鋁抑制植物生长是全球关注的热点。以往关于酸铝胁迫的研究主要在禾本科和豆科植物上,而对经济用材林木较少。为此,本研究以巨尾桉广林9号为供试材料,在无铝(0 mmol/L)和铝胁迫(5 mmol/L)2种情况下,设置一氧化氮(NO)3个水平(0、10、500 μmol/L),以期探究铝胁迫下外源施加NO对巨尾桉生长和生理方面的影响。试验结果表明:(1)5 mmol/L铝处理下的巨尾桉根、茎、叶生物量分别显著减少了11.57%、12.04%和37.37%,叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素a+b和类胡萝卜素含量积累也受抑制;(2)铝胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性显著增大,膜脂过氧化的产物丙二醛(MDA)显著增加了43.12%,细胞可溶性糖和蛋白含量分别显著减少了9.43%、42.27%;(3)适量添加NO (10 μmol/L)可提高铝胁迫下光合色素含量,提高最大的叶绿素a达41.23%,MDA含量明显降低了27.66%,提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,以达到调节活性氧代谢来维持细胞膜结构稳定的效果,从而使生物量显著提高了10.19%;(4)NO浓度过高(500 μmol/L SNP)时反而对巨尾桉有毒害作用,生物量下降了15.17%,说明NO具有双重性。综上所述,铝胁迫对巨尾桉生长、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶等生理特性均产生了抑制作用,而适当添加外源NO可以缓解铝对巨尾桉的毒害作用。

关键词:巨尾桉;铝胁迫;一氧化氮;生长;生理中图分类号:S727.3      文献标识码:A

Effects of Nitric Oxide on Growth and Physiology of Eucalyptus under Aluminum Stress

LUO Wenji1, LUO Bijing1, JIANG Xia2, HOU Wenjuan1, WANG Linghui1*

1. Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; 2. Nanning Arboretum, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China

AbstractAcid aluminum inhibiting plant growth is a global concern. Previous studies on acid and aluminum stress were mainly focused on gramineae and leguminous plants, less on economic timber species. In order to investigate the effects of exogenous application of nitric oxide on the growth and physiology of E. grandis × E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9 under aluminum stress, three concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) were applied in the absence of aluminium (0 mmol/L) and aluminium stress (5 mmol/L). The results showed that: (1) the biomass of the roots, stems and leaves ofE. grandis × E. urophyllatreated with 5 mmol/L Al significantly decreased by 11.57%, 12.04% and 37.37%, respectively, and the accumulation of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids in the leaves was also inhibited. (2) Under Al stress, the cell membrane permeability of the leaves increased significantly, the product of membrane lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased by 43.12%, and the content of soluble sugar and protein decreased by 9.43% and 42.27%, corresspondingly. (3) The content of photosynthetic pigments increased by 41.23% under Al stress by adding NO (10 μmol/L). The content of MDA reduced by 27.66% and the content of soluble sugar and protein increased to regulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thus the biomass significantly increased by 10.19%. (4) NO concentration increased by 10.19%. Over-high NO (500 μmol/L) was toxic toE. grandis, and the biomass decreased by 15.17%. This indicated that NO had dual characteristics. The results showed that: (1) 5 mmol/L Al significantly inhibited the root and above-ground biomass, and inhibited the accumulation of Chl a, Chl a+b and Car. (2) Al stress significantly increased cell membrane permeability and MDA (the product of plasmalemma peroxidation), decreased soluble sugar and soluble protein content inEucalyptusleaves. (3) Addition of exogenous nitric oxide (10 μmol/L) could alleviate the effect of aluminum stress on photosynthetic pigments, significantly reduce MDA content, and increase the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein in order to regulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thus significantly increasing the biomass ofE. grandis ×E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9. (4) When nitric oxide concentration was higher than 500μM SNP, it was toxic toE. grandis ×E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9. It showed that NO had dual nature. In conclusion, aluminum stress inhibited the growth and physiological characteristics of osmoregulation substances and antioxidant enzymes onE. grandis×E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9, and the toxic effect of aluminum on Eucalyptus could be alleviated by appropriate addition of nitric oxide.

KeywordsE. grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin No. 9; aluminum stress; nitric oxide; growth; physiological

DOI10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2020.01.011

鋁(Al)毒害的假设认为酸性土壤中的铝毒害林木,致使其生长率降低、出材率衰减、养分严重流失,造成森林衰退[1]。研究表明,铝毒害会抑制植物根伸长和植株生长,导致细胞膜透性增大、抗氧化酶提高以及光合作用受损等[2]。而在中国南方分布着大面积富铁铝化酸性土壤,随着不良气候和不当施肥等影响,酸性土壤面积日趋增加,铝在这种土壤中会抑制南方地区林木生长。速生桉是中国南方重要的经济林之一,以经济效益和生态效益突出被广为种植。

一氧化氮(NO)是在植物体内以自由基形态存在的气体小分子信号物质,能够调控植物生长发育,在植物受到胁迫时传导信息以提高植物抗逆性,但也可能作为一种活性氮在植物体内大量积累造成损害[3]。研究表明NO对提高植物抗逆性的作用机理主要有2个方面,一是NO作为信息转导的第二信使,如NO作为生长素下游信号分子调控抗氧化酶活性,参与生理活动调控[4];二是NO与活性氧(ROS)发生相互作用,并包括直接作用(以抗氧化剂形式直接进行反应[5])和间接作用(改变植物细胞的氧化还原电位差)2种形式。目前,关于NO在植物耐铝毒中的作用的研究取得了一定进展,但主要集中在灌木和草本植物(红芸豆[6])方面。

迄今,关于速生桉的研究有很多,但关于铝胁迫对速生桉生长和生理生化指标的伤害以及缓解该伤害的研究甚少。还没有关于NO对速生桉铝胁迫伤害缓解作用的研究。因此,本试验以巨尾桉品种‘广林9号为供试材料,探讨了不同浓度外源NO处理对巨尾桉铝毒害的调控作用,以期分析酸铝毒害对速生桉品种生长、生理的影响,解决中国西南地区酸铝胁迫对速生桉生长的抑制问题,提高林地生产力,缓解木材供需矛盾。

1  材料与方法

1.1材料

试验地位于广西大学林学院苗圃基地(108° 17′E,22°50′N),气候类型属亚热带季风气候,日照时间长,降水量充沛,霜冻少,年平均气温约为21 ℃,极端最高气温可达40.6 ℃,极端最低气温?2.5 ℃。年均降雨量1305 mm,平均相对湿度为78%。供试苗木为广西林业科学院提供的3月龄长势健康且一致的巨尾桉‘广林9号组培苗,苗高(20.6±0.65)cm,地径(2.03±0.15) mm。苗木移植到装有灭菌河沙的多孔塑料花盆中,花盆规格为500 mm (径)×400 mm (高),每盆1株,每天浇水,1周后,每周每盆浇1次1 L改良Hoagland营养液进行缓苗。

1.2方法

1.2.1  试验设计  参考叶绍明[7]关于桉树林地pH测定结果为4.0~4.8和杨梅等[2]认为酸性条件下120 mg/L Al3+对桉树幼苗产生了抑制作用,以及一氧化氮(sodium nitroprussid, SNP为供体)能够缓解铝毒害,浓度为10 μmol/L可以缓解植株根、茎和叶生长抑制,而500 μmol/L时仅缓解植株叶片生长抑制[5]。因此,本试验采用完全随机试验,设置3个NO浓度(0、10、500 μmol/L)和2个Al3+水平[0 (?Al)和5 mmol/L (+Al)],共组成6个处理,每处理10株重复。处理期间每周浇1次处理液,NO-Al持续处理20周。K+的浓度用K2SO4调平,处理液的pH用HCl或NaOH调节到4.1~4.2,保证酸性环境,具体处理设计见表1。

1.2.2  测定指标与方法  处理结束后,每个处理选取3株生长良好、位置一致的功能叶片测量相关生理指标。生理指标桉照《植物生理学实验指导》[8]要求测量。其中,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量采用丙酮-乙醇混合提取法;丙二醛含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法;叶片可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法;可溶性蛋白含量采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法;过氧化物酶(POD)活性采用愈创木酚法测定,而过氧化物酶(CAT)活性采用紫外分光光度法测定。同时,每个处理精选3株生长情况具备代表性的桉树测其生物量,将植株根、茎、叶分开分别装入纸袋,105 ℃杀青后于80 ℃烘至恒重,再称取其根、茎、叶生物量(干重)。

模糊综合评价法根据隶属度理论把定性评价转化为定量评价,对多个对象做出一个总体的评价。巨尾桉耐铝性评价应用模糊综合评价中隶属函数值法[9],对所有测定的生长和生理指标进行综合评价。隶属函数的计算公式:U(Xij)= (Xij?Xmin)/(Xmax?Xmin)。

[13]Yang L T, Qi Y P, Chen L S,et al. Nitric oxide protects sour pummelo (Citrus grandis) seedlings against aluminum- induced inhibition of growth and photosynthesis[J]. Environ mental & Experimental Botany, 2012, 82: 1-13.

[14]Aggarwal A, Ezaki B, Tripathi B N. Two detoxification mechanisms by external malate detoxification and anti- peroxidation enzymes cooperatively confer aluminum tolerance in the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)[J]. Environmental & Experimental Botany, 2015, 120: 43-54.

[15]Wei H M, Guo J W, Zhang S,et al. The presence of phosphorylation form of D1 protein in its cross-linked aggregates in high light treated spinach leavesin vivo[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(1): 69-74.

[16] Beligni M V, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide interferes with plant photo-oxidative stress by detoxifying reactive oxygen species[J]. Plant Cell Environment, 2002, 25(6): 737-748.

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