袁再健,马东方,聂小东†,廖义善,黄 斌,卓慕宁
南方红壤丘陵区林下水土流失防治研究进展*
袁再健1,3,马东方1,2,聂小东1,3†,廖义善1,3,黄 斌1,3,卓慕宁1,3
(1. 广东省生态环境技术研究所,广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室,广州 510650;2. 广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院,广州 510006;3. 广东省面源污染防治技术工程中心,广州 510650)
林下水土流失是南方红壤丘陵区种典型的水力侵蚀现象,不仅造成林地土壤质量下降,影响林地生产力,而且破坏了当地生态环境,阻碍了区域经济发展。首先分析了南方红壤丘陵区林下水土流失的成因,总结了当前林下水土流失防治研究进展,深入探讨林下水土流失防治措施在水土保持、提高土壤肥力和促进植被生长方面的作用和适用范围,进而指出当前红壤丘陵区林下水土流失防治研究存在的不足,最后对未来林下水土流失防治进行了展望。建议创新林下水土流失治理模式,形成综合性防治技术体系,加强对林下水土保持措施实施的技术指导,构建林下水土流失防治措施综合评价指标体系,为南方红壤丘陵区的林下水土流失防治措施的筛选和应用提供科学依据。
红壤丘陵区;林下水土流失;工程措施;生物措施
南方红壤丘陵区以大别山为北屏,巴山、巫山为西界,西南至云贵高原,东南直抵海域[1],域内以中、小起伏的低山(海拔在500 m以下)为主[2]。尽管该区域森林覆盖率较高(平均森林覆盖率为52.87%)[3],但由于人们过度追求造林的经济利益而忽视了林地水土保持,许多林地下层植被匮乏、植物群落结构单一,形成“空中绿化”,林下水土流失较为严重,呈现出“远看青山在,近看水土流”的现象[1,4]。林地土壤侵蚀造成土壤养分流失、土壤水肥条件恶化和调节功能减弱,进而影响林地植物的生长,导致林地退化[5- 6]。并且林地土壤退化在短时间内难以恢复,造成生态环境恶化并阻碍当地生态经济可持续发展[7]。
目前,南方红壤丘陵区的林下水土流失和植被恢复问题逐渐得到重视,众多学者在林下水土流失特征[8-9]、影响因素[10]、林下植被恢复与水土流失防治措施[11-13]等方面开展了系列研究。林下水土流失防治措施也从单一生物或工程措施转变为多种方式相结合的综合防治措施,形成了多种防控治理技术体系[14]。这些水土保持措施在恢复林地植被、改善林地土壤结构、增强土壤抗蚀性方面具有一定的效果,如在侵蚀严重的果茶林地实施工程措施与生物措施,达到了较好的拦蓄径流、保肥固土的效果[12-13]。在生态公益林区的低效林地,采用生物措施并辅以相应的工程措施,对恢复林下植被,提高林地郁闭度,减少水土流失具有明显的促进作用[11,15-16]。南方红壤丘陵区的生态公益林地和经果林地受立地条件与人为干扰的影响,虽然采取了一些水土流失治理措施,但治理措施的针对性较差[15,17],影响了林下水土流失防治措施的推广应用,该地区的水土流失仍然是诱导生态环境恶化、阻碍可持续发展的障碍因素[11,18]。因此,有必要对林下水土流失成因、措施防治效果和适用范围加以总结分析,为针对性地开展林下水土流失防治研究提供参考。
林下水土流失是多种因素综合影响的结果[19-20]。南方红壤丘陵区的生态公益林和经果幼林地由于林地郁闭度低[21]、林下植被稀疏[11],侵蚀性降雨集中[10]以及强烈的人为干扰[22],林下水土流失较为严重。
我国南方红壤丘陵区地形破碎、起伏大,成土母质复杂、土质类型多样,而且土壤可蚀性K值较大,抗蚀性差,不同母质发育的红壤水力侵蚀特征显著不同[1,10,23]。加之该区属热带、亚热带季风气候,降雨充沛、集中且强度大,水力侵蚀风险较高[22,24]。尤其是花岗岩风化区基岩裸露、土壤孔隙大,保肥能力差[4]。与第四纪红黏土发育红壤相比,花岗岩和红砂岩等母质发育红壤砂粒含量高、透水性强、土体松散,在强降雨条件下,更易发生土壤侵蚀[25]。此外,不合理的造林方式和人类活动也是导致林下水土流失的重要因素[18]。全垦造林、林地清耕等人为活动对林下土壤侵蚀具有显著影响[10,13]。在营造新林时,原有地形地貌和植被遭到破坏,林下土壤松散、土壤黏结力下降。若未能形成有效的林下防护植被,易引起持续的林下水土流失。而且过度收获薪材,清除林下凋落层,降低了林地养分归还量,造成林地土壤质量下降、抗蚀性减弱,进一步加剧了林下水土流失[26]。尤其在第四纪红黏土发育的红壤林地,长期的林下耕作,破坏了土壤团聚体,降低了土壤抗蚀性,从而加重了林地土壤侵蚀[27]。对于砂粒含量高、胶结能力差的花岗岩发育红壤,林下翻耕产生的松散土体更易被径流冲刷,发生水土流失。频繁的人为活动破坏了林地植被,导致林地植被覆盖率下降,生物多样性减少[22]。有研究表明,与荒地相比,在无任何管护措施情况下炼山挖坎种植桉树,可造成林下土壤侵蚀量增加18.86%~146.15%[28]。而且高强度的人为活动能显著影响林地的土壤肥力和微生物活性,造成土壤表层微生物量减少,土壤质量下降,植被生长受限,加剧土壤侵蚀[29-30]。
水土流失严重的林地土壤养分含量低,立地条件差,植物难以生长,林下植被匮乏,并且林下植物单一,生物多样性丧失,进一步加剧水土流失[22,31]。在南方红壤丘陵区普遍存在的针叶纯林地,林木能分泌有机酸,加剧土壤酸化,抑制林下植被的生长,使林地植物多样性降低,土壤质量下降[21,32]。林下植被的缺失造成林下凋落物减少,使林地养分归还量减少、土壤微生物含量和活性不足,进而影响土壤结构稳定性,减弱土壤抗蚀性,加剧土壤侵蚀。而且针叶林凋落物不易降解,导致养分归还周期延长,土壤质量下降,抗蚀性减弱[33]。在土壤贫瘠的自然林及次生林地,植株稀疏且分布不均匀、生长缓慢,乔木层郁闭度低,林下层植被匮乏而且种类单一,植物群落不稳定,林地植被退化明显,基本丧失了水土保持和水源涵养功能,林下土壤侵蚀严重[7,22]。
尽管红壤丘陵区整体的森林覆盖率较高,但在林下侵蚀劣地,表层土壤流失严重,土壤有机质和氮磷等养分缺失,土壤质量下降,林地植物生长缓慢甚至不生长,林地植物多样性减少,土壤结构变差,加剧了土壤侵蚀[11,21,34]。林地植被在水土流失防治过程中具有重要作用,植被的垂直分层结构能减小雨滴终速、降低降雨动能,减弱雨滴对林下土壤的溅蚀作用[35]。然而南方红壤丘陵区地形破碎、降雨集中、红壤“酸、黏、瘦”以及人为活动频繁等因素[3,18],导致退化丘陵山区林地植物生长受限、林下植被匮乏、水土流失严重。一方面南方低效林地郁闭度低,林冠层不能有效减弱降雨动能,造成林下土壤侵蚀[35-36];另一方面由于林下层植被缺失,不能有效降低坡面径流流速,林冠截留的降雨通过枝叶汇聚树干,形成树干流,使坡面径流量增大,亦可加剧林下水土流失[31,37-38]。林下植被在拦截降雨径流,防止土壤养分淋失,以及加快土壤营养元素的吸收同化、促进乔木层生长等方面的作用显著[39]。因此,在林下水土流失防治过程中,不仅要促进乔木生长,维持一定的林冠层郁闭度,而且要重视林地植被垂直结构的发展,恢复林下植被,才能有效减少林下水土流失,改善侵蚀区土壤养分状况,促进生态环境恢复[35]。
林下水土流失防治以减少林下土壤侵蚀、改善土壤结构、提高林地土壤质量、促进林地植物生长为目的。其主要的防治措施包括: 以增加林下覆盖度、减少地表径流量为主的生物措施,减少人为干扰的封禁管理措施,以改变坡面地形、控制径流为主的工程措施。
生物措施是利用乔、灌、草林下套种补植以及秸秆、树枝覆盖等手段提高林地地表覆盖,促进植物生长,从而达到减水减沙、提高土壤质量、恢复林地生态功能的目的[36,40]。工程措施主要通过改变坡长、坡度,分段拦截径流,增加土壤入渗及降低径流流速等方式达到减少坡面侵蚀的目的[23,41]。工程措施包括坡改梯[8]、水平沟[42]、水平阶[43- 44]、鱼鳞坑[45]等。在坡面整地时,可在坡面修建排水沟等,起到分流排水的作用[46]。在有一定植被覆盖的林地,采用水平阶、鱼鳞坑、水平沟等微地形改造措施,要结合生物措施,进行覆盖,减少工程实施对坡面土壤和林地植被的干扰与破坏。利用水平沟、鱼鳞坑、梯田等工程措施,改全垦造林为穴垦、带垦造林,能减少对原有坡面的干扰[22]。同时利用生物措施在林下等高种植灌、草植物形成植物篱(或植被过滤带),提高林下覆盖度,改善土壤结构,增强林地稳定性[12]。再结合工程措施设置截流沟、蓄水池等,改变坡度、坡长,增加坡面粗糙度,综合措施的水土保持效益更加显著[47-49]。不同林下水土防治措施具有不同特点和适用范围(表1)。具体应用时需充分考虑区域植被恢复的立地条件、生物多样性状况,构建土壤肥力提升和植被恢复重建的综合防治技术体系[17]。
作为重要的水土流失治理措施,鱼鳞坑、水平沟、水平阶、梯田等工程措施,在林下水土流失防治和植被恢复的过程中具有重要作用。这些工程措施能改变林地的坡面地形,增加土层厚度,为林地植物生长提供有利条件。由于土壤养分随泥沙迁移而流失,在林下地表裸露、植被稀疏的次生林、经果林地进行水平沟、鱼鳞坑和水平阶改造,有利于径流泥沙沉积和枯枝落叶的积累,为植物生长蓄积养分,促进植物生长[57,60,62]。对水土流失严重的生态林地,先进行一定的人为干预,如施肥、补植、营造鱼鳞坑、开挖水平沟等,再对林地进行封禁管理,自然修复的同时辅以人工措施,从而降低土壤侵蚀程度,提高林地生产力[54,63]。措施实施后,要对林地进行适当封育,尽可能降低人为活动对林地植被的破坏。尽管封禁管理措施见效慢且短期的封山育林并不能有效防治水土流失,但封禁管理对增加林地生物量,提高物种多样性的作用显著[7,56]。因此,封禁管理应作为退化红壤区林地水土流失综合防治体系中的必备措施,以封促治,达到侵蚀退化林地的土壤肥力提升和生态调节功能改善的目的。
表1 林地不同水土保持措施特征
此外,由于红壤酸、瘦、黏等特点[18],在解决林地水土流失防治,恢复林地植被的同时,需要增加土壤肥力,为初期植被的生长提供必要养分[22]。化肥、有机肥料以及土壤改良剂在改善土壤结构、提高土壤质量和水土保持方面起着重要作用[34,55,64]。在侵蚀严重林地,必须施加一定的基肥进行补肥,才能提高补植乔、灌、草植物的成活率。为改良红壤丘陵区低效林地的土壤状况,施用土壤改良剂(如秸秆[65]、污泥[66]、秸秆粉碎汁液[67]、化学药剂[64,68]),对提高土壤肥力、调节土壤环境具有明显效果,但土壤改良剂具有潜在的环境风险,在一定程度上限制了其应用[66-67]。而利用生物措施在林地补植绿肥植物,则是增加林下覆盖,提高土壤质量较为常见的技术措施[8,12]。秸秆覆盖在果、茶园林地应用广泛[13,16]。林地秸秆覆盖等措施不仅增大了地表粗糙度,提高了土壤蓄水能力,有利于植物根系对水、肥的吸收,增加林地经济效益。而且覆盖在地表的秸秆可以有效减弱降雨击溅作用,并拦蓄径流,降低林地产流率[52]。虽然在果、茶林下进行补植、套种或增加秸秆等覆盖物能增大林下地表粗糙度、拦蓄降雨径流、减少土壤侵蚀,而在土壤贫瘠且坡度较大的低效林地,简单的植草、或覆盖方式并不能有效减少水土流失、提升林地土壤肥力,还需结合坡面地形改造、土壤改良等方面的技术措施[22],才能有效解决当前低效林地土壤退化、水土流失严重的问题[17]。尽管当前林下水土流失防治措施取得了较好的水土保持效益,但在措施适宜性评价方面仍需要进一步研究[15,18],为明确措施的适用范围和科学制定相关的防治方案提供依据。
利用生物措施(如林下补植)、封禁管理和工程措施(如水平沟、鱼鳞坑等)对侵蚀严重的林地进行改造,改善林分结构,提高林分质量,是当前恢复生态防护林地水土保持和水源涵养功能的有效措施[22,69]。在南方红壤丘陵区对侵蚀严重的生态林地整地改造时,要注意减少工程施工对原有植被的破坏,同时种植固坡植物,增加对施工产生的松散土壤的覆盖,减少坡面土壤侵蚀[57]。利用沟穴整地造林补植,能改善土壤水分状况,促进林地植被的生长。针阔混交是提高土壤肥力,改善立地条件,提高林地群落稳定性的重要途径[70]。在针叶林地人工补植阔叶树形成的混交林地,林下凋落物量显著提高,并且阔叶林凋落物易分解,可以增加微生物丰富度和提高微生物活性,促进针叶林凋落物分解,加速林下养分释放,提高林地土壤养分含量[33]。在造林或补植的同时,进行适当施肥,既能提高林地植物存活率又可以促进植物生长。福建长汀县花岗岩侵蚀劣地,经采取水平沟台状整地,挖沟种树,施以基肥,进行疏林补植乡土树种形成混交林,不仅使林地土壤肥力得到一定程度的恢复,植物多样性增加,而且有效控制了林地土壤侵蚀[55]。陈宏荣等[6]在马尾松林侵蚀劣地,在树木根部挖20 cm× 20 cm的坑穴并施以复合肥,3年间对马尾松抽梢生长(0.65~0.9 m)、材积量增长(12.7~16.7 m3·hm–2)、覆盖度(19%~24%)以及林地植物多样性增加(10种以上)均有较好的促进作用。在江西景德镇的灌丛荒山,采用“择优、补植、改造、封育”的综合治理模式,对林地优势阔叶树进行保留,并在林下穴垦补植湿地松、晚松,形成了层次分明的针阔混交林地,经过封禁管理,林地植被得到快速恢复,与营造人工林相比,节约了投资成本,实现了较高的生态效益[70]。
由于经果林地对土壤条件要求较高,其水土保持措施主要以增加林下覆盖,拦截径流,固土保肥为主[12,15,71]。林下覆盖由于操作简单,成本低,因此是经果林地最常用的水土保持措施[72]。果园进行林下植草覆盖,可以增加土壤溶解性有机碳含量,增强土壤团聚体稳定性。同时林下植被根系增大了土壤孔隙度,提高了林下土壤持水能力,改善了土壤条件[51]。有研究表明,果园林地植草覆盖能显著降低地表径流量(减流率为88.3%~98.7%),并明显提高果园土壤的保肥能力,减少果园面源污染[71]。在人工桉树林地间作补植牧草能显著减少桉树林下地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量,降幅为20.84%~82.85%[15]。除植草覆盖外,在经果林下行间覆盖稻草和树枝可以有效减弱降雨击溅、增加林下地表粗糙度、降低果林产流率。覆盖物在降低水土流失风险的同时,增加了土壤对水分的吸收和储存,促进了果林根系的发育,从而提高果林产量[52]。陈小英等[13]在5°和20°的山地茶园采用稻草覆盖的生物措施后,茶园土壤侵蚀量分别减少93.1%和85.84%。其研究结果也表明,生物措施与工程措施相结合的复合措施,不仅能改变原有地形而且提高了植被覆盖度,有效减少了茶园土壤的裸露,具有较为理想的蓄水、减沙效益。
对于不同立地条件的经果林地,要适当调整治理模式,并且治理措施要实现一定的经济效益,才能调动当地居民的积极性,产生示范效应。王静等[46]提出在山核桃林坡地采用立体治理模式,在坡顶封育治理,坡面种草,同时实施蓄水、排水工程措施,坡底设置沟道拦沙,有效减少了水土流失,增加了林果产量。结合当地特色,发展生态农林牧业也是当前林地水土流失防治的发展趋势[18]。福建长汀、宁化县利用前埂后沟+梯壁植草、林下套种的山地生态果园模式,构建立体覆盖种植模式,不仅降低了果园环境负荷率,而且提高了果园单产量,实现了丘陵区的优势互补与持续开发[73]。
目前,林下水土流失的预防和治理已初见成效,众多治理措施在水土保持和土壤养分流失防控等方面取得了良好的效果。但这些治理技术措施往往局限于短期的水土保持效益,缺乏治理的整体性[3]。而且对各措施防治效果的时空差异性缺乏系统研究,防蚀理论研究也滞后于水土保持实践,缺少治理的指导标准[14,46]。同时,有些林下水土流失治理措施实施不规范,治理措施缺少区域针对性[17],而且治理效益评价方法单一,对林下侵蚀整体性的综合评价研究不足[15]。此外,由于部分林下侵蚀劣地还存在土壤贫瘠、植被难以生长的问题,如何提高这些侵蚀劣地的土壤肥力,恢复林下植被是当前林下水土流失防治研究的重点和难点。
针对当前林下水土流失防治现状,建议今后侧重从以下方面开展相关研究: (1)针对不同林下水土流失关键驱动因素,因地制宜,创新林下水土流失治理模式,加强低成本、快速高效的治理技术措施的研究与应用。同时强调治理的长期性和整体性,侧重防治措施对林地群落生态功能的改善,提升林地水土流失防治综合效益,实现区域中、长期的水土保持和生态防护目标。(2)分析林地土壤供肥特性和植物需肥规律,针对性地补充林地土壤相对缺乏的养分,全面提升土壤肥力。同时探索并应用合适的土壤改良剂,研发提升林地土壤肥力、改善土壤结构和提高水土保持能力的防治技术。(3)强化对林下水土保持技术措施实施的技术指导、监管和维护,进而形成操作性较强并易于推广的综合防治技术体系。此外,构建相关措施的适宜性评价体系也是今后研究的重要内容。
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Progress in Research on Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion under Forest in Red Soil Hilly Region of South China
YUAN Zaijian1, 3, MA Dongfang1, 2, NIE Xiaodong1, 3†, LIAO Yishan1, 3, HUANG Bin1, 3, ZHUO Muning1, 3
(1. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China; 2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006,China; 3. Guangdong Engineering Center of Non-point Sonice Pollution prevention Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China)
Soil erosion under forest is a typical phenomenon of hydraulic erosion in red soil hilly regions of South China. It not only causes decline of soil quality and affects productivity of forest soils, but also destroys local ecological environment and hinders development of regional economy. This study firstly analyzed causesof the soil erosion under forest in this region, reviewed progresses in current researches on prevention and control of the soil erosion under forest and then explored in depth effects and application scope of the measures so far adopted for prevention and control of soil erosion under forest on soil and water conservation, soil fertility improvement and revegetation. At the end, the paper specified deficiencies of the current researches on prevention of soil erosion under forest in this region, and presented prospects of the researches in future. The paper suggests that future efforts should be devoted to renovation of the mode for control of soil erosion under forest, development of a technology system for comprehensive prevention and control of the erosion, intensification of technical guidance on implementation of soil and water conservation measures for control the erosion, and construction of a comprehensive evaluation index system for the soil erosion control measures. It is expected that the paper may serve as a scientific basis for selection and application of appropriate measures for prevention and control of soil erosion under forest in red soil hilly regions of South China.
Red soil hilly region; Soil erosion under forest; Engineering measures; Biological measures
S152
A
10.11766/trxb201901080614
袁再健,马东方,聂小东,廖义善,黄斌,卓慕宁. 南方红壤丘陵区林下水土流失防治研究进展[J]. 土壤学报,2020,57(1):12–21.
YUAN Zaijian,MA Dongfang,NIE Xiaodong,LIAO Yishan,HUANG Bin,ZHUO Muning. Progress in Research on Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion Under Forest in Red Soil Hilly Region of South China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2020,57(1):12–21.
* 国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFC0505404)、广东省科学院引进高层次领军人才专项资金项目(2016GDASRC-0103)和广东省科学院国际合作引导专项(2019GDASYL-0503003)资助Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0505404),the High-level Leading Talent Introduction Program of GDAS(No. 2016GDASRC-0103)and the GDAS’ Project of Science and Technology Development(No. 2019GDASYL-0503003)
,E-mail: xdnie@soil.gd.cn
袁再健(1976—),男,湖南武冈人,博士,研究员,主要从事水土保持领域中水、沙、碳、污染物通量方面的研究。E-mail:zjyuan@soil.gd.cn
2019–01–08;
2019–03–11;
2019–05–28
(责任编辑: 檀满枝)