Abstract

InternetSocialGovernanceCommunity:Concepts,TheoryandStrategies

DUJunfei

AbstractBuilding a community of internet social governance has become the key task of China’s deepening reform.The global internet social governance model consists of two different types:law-oriented governance and self-discipline-oriented governance.The specific regulation methods of Asian countries have a certain short-term behavior tendency.At present,multi-governance involving all internet social entities has increasingly become a basic consensus.The starting point for the internet governance issue in China is the awakening of social forces and the modern transformation of national governance.To strengthen and innovate social governance,the government should promote realistic democracy and gradually establish a high-level deliberative political system through the internet governance democracy with borders.As a kind of ideological reform,the value of political transformation of the internet social governance community lies in promoting the political coordination of the whole society on important issues through the cooperation of internet governance rights,which not only seeks new consensus on internet management policies,but also strives to achieve a new balance of realistic governance concepts.Based on this theoretical framework,this article also gives a series of operational suggestions for building an internet social governance community.

Keywordsinternet society; community of social governance; governance model; multiple governance; deliberative politics

FromExperienceAccumulationtoDivisionofLabor:EvolutionaryLogicofIncreasingReturntoScaleinAgriculture

QIUTongwei,LUOBiliang

AbstractTraditional theories in agricultural economics generally assume there is a constant return to scale in agriculture.Such an assumption is not only inconsistent with the concept of the endogenous technical change and the “learning by doing” models in neoclassical economics,but also can’t explain the agricultural growth caused by the intensive and meticulous farming practices in traditional peasant economy and the division of labor in modern agriculture.By expanding the “learning by doing” models developed by Arrow and Yang,this paper analyzes how farmers can achieve the increasing return to scale in the process of “learning by doing” by adjusting the planting structure and agricultural inputs in a traditional peasant economy and an era of agricultural division of labor without external technical change.The results indicate that (1) without rigid constraint in agricultural labor,the “learning by doing” will improve labor productivity and increase return to scale when the farmers rent more farmland or increase the frequency of crop planting to make full use of agricultural labor force; (2) as agricultural labor force transfer to non-agricultural acceleratedly,the return to scale in agriculture become decreasing after the increase induced by the learning by doing due to the rigid constraint of agricultural labor force; (3) in order to overcome the rigid constraints of agricultural labor force,farmers will spontaneously participate in the agricultural division of labor,so as to speed up the agricultural "learning by doing" and improve the degree of agricultural specialization,which induce the increase of agricultural returns to scale.The findings show that agriculture has never been a passive industry with low efficiency,but evolving industry with constant pursuit of efficiency and growth.

Keywordsagricultural return to scale; “learn by doing”; peasant economy; agricultural division of labor

ResearchontheInfluenceofInformationCommunicationTypesonPurchaseDecisionofFunctionalAgriculturalProducts

LIAOFen，YOULiangzhi

AbstractAs a functional agricultural product,biofortified agricultural products can effectively alleviate the situation of micronutrient deficiency.However,biofortified nutrition may change the appearance,color and taste of agriculatral products,and consumers are not so willing to buy them.In order to enhance consumers’ purchase intention,it is necessary to understand the impact of different types of information communication on it.Taking biofortified maize as an example,this paper,based on the survey data of consumers,uses experimental research methods to test the impact of information communication types on consumers’ purchase intention.The results show that information communication types significantly enhance consumers’ willingness to buy.The purchase intention of consumers with high levels of micronutrient deficiency will increase through problem-focused information communication,while that of consumers with low levels of micronutrient deficiency will increase through emotion-focused information communication.Fluency plays an intermediary role between information communication type and purchase intention.

Keywordsfunctional agricultural products; information communication; micronutrient deficiency; fluency; purchase intention

ImpactofFactorAllocationAdjustmentonGrainLaborProductivityinChina

——Evidence from Maize

ZHUMande,ZHANGQi

AbstractWith the change of agricultural endowment and induced technological progress in China,farm households transform inputs structure accordingly,which contributes to the growth of labor productivity.This paper constructs elastic coefficient of input factor allocation ratio affecting labor productivity and examines the effect of factor allocation ratio change on labor productivity of crops with maize as the example based on the expanded cobb-douglas production function.The results show that:factor allocation structure adjustment enhances maize’s labor productivity because technical equipment allocated to unit labor has been improved significantly through increasing the use of fertilizer and machinery and reducing the labor.At the national level,the elasticity coefficient of fertilizer-labor ratio is significantly positive having most remarkable effect on maize’s labor productivity which can also be improved by increasing the seed-labor ratio and machinery-labor ratio.At the provincial level,the elasticity coefficient of fertilizer-labor ratio,seed-labor ratio,machinery-labor ratio and pesticide-labor ratio are significantly positive in North China.The elasticity coefficient of pesticide-labor ratio is negative in Northeast China and the elasticity coefficient of machinery-labor ratio isn’t significant in Southwest China.Compared with labor-saving factor,land-saving factor has more significant effect on maize’s labor productivity,which applies to both national and provincial level.The policy implication is that on the one hand we should unswervingly promote the transfer of labor force employment,on the other hand,we should improve the quality and utilization efficiency of input factors and optimize the structure of factor allocation,especially pay attention to the matching of the inputs factor,the integration of technical equipment and the development of agricultural socialized services.

Keywordsfactor allocation; labor productivity; land-saving elements; labor-saving elements; grain

AgriculturalProductsE-commerce’sImpactonEfficiencyofSmall-farmerswithOrganicLinkagetoModernAgriculturalDevelopment

CHENGXinwei,LINLefen

AbstractWith the popularization of Internet+ modern agriculture,the mechanism of small farmers’ promotion of organic link efficiency with modern agricultural development is gradually formed by participating in agricultural products e-commerce.This research followed 2744 small-scaled fruit growers from 176 administrative villages in Jiangsu,Hebei and Shandong Provinces during 2014 to 2019.A three-level evaluation system with 13 micro-indicators of four dimensions (development,organization,income space and socialized service) is constructed by entropy-based analytic hierarchy process to reveal the link efficiency between small farmers and modern agricultural development.Propensity Scoring Matching-Difference in Difference Model is built to confirm the treatment effects of agricultural products e-commerce activities on efficiency of the organic linkage.The empirical results show that the comprehensive link efficiency and its 4 secondary indicators increased by year with a slowing down pace.In addition,agricultural products e-commerce promoted small-farmers’ efficiency of organic linkage with Modern Agricultural Development,which has significant impact on organization and socialized service.The impact on development capacity and income growth space needs to be observed for a longer period.

Keywordssmall farmers; modern agricultural development; organic linkage; agricultural products e-commerce; propensity scoring matching-difference in difference

TechnicalEfficiencyMeasurementandInfluenceFactorAnalysisofFamilyFarmBasedonSFA

WUFang

AbstractThe “one-step method” SFA model was used to empirically explore the technical efficiency of 603 family farms and its influencing factors,and analyze the relationship between different agricultural factor allocation modes and the technical efficiency of farms.The results show that:the input of land,labor force and capital has a significant effect on agricultural production,but the comprehensive technical efficiency of farm depends largely on the efficiency of capital scale; the average technical efficiency of the farm is 0.58 with a 42% loss; different agricultural factor allocation makes a difference in the change of farm technical efficiency; compared with no-land transfer households,land transfer households have higher management technology efficiency while compared with agricultural employment households,non-agricultural employment households have higher management technology efficiency; the farmer’s age and educational level have a significant negative effect on the technical efficiency of the farm; such strategies as setting production standards,creating trademark brands,establishing stable marketing channels and encouraging the farmers to plant cash crop,use new agricultural technologies and join farmers’ cooperatives have significantly improved the farm’s technical efficiency.Main conclusion:in order to further improve the efficiency of agricultural technology and factor allocation,we should accelerate the process of rural land circulation and marketization and promote the transfer of agricultural labor force to non-agricultural industries.Farm operators should also change their ideas and management methods to improve the level of farm management and agricultural technology efficiency.

Keywordsfamily farm; stochastic frontier analysis; land transfer; non-farm employment; technical efficiency

SpatialDifferenceandDynamicChangeofAgriculturalFertilizerInputEfficiencyinChina

CAIRong,TAOSumin

AbstractBased on the construction of fertilizer consumption demand model,this paper uses three stochastic frontier analysis models to calculate the input efficiency of agricultural chemical fertilizer in China from 1998 to 2017,and forecasts the dynamic change trend of fertilizer input efficiency by using the panel data multi-state model.It is found that the average fertilizer input efficiency in China was 0.65,which shows great potential for improvement.Moreover,the efficiency was higher in the central part than in the eastern part and higher in the eastern part than in the western part,which shows unbalanced distribution.There is no necessary relation between fertilizer input efficiency and fertilizer intensity.In terms of the composition of fertilizer input efficiency loss,the short-term efficiency loss is relatively low and the long-term efficiency loss is relatively high,which is the main cause of the overall low input efficiency of agricultural fertilizer in China.The irrational phenomenon of fertilizer input in agricultural production in China causes a lot of efficiency loss and input waste.The efficiency of fertilizer input shows no improvement in terms of the time trend of efficiency change and the conversion probability of efficiency state,and the efficiency loss is characterized by strong viscosity.Therefore,to improve the input efficiency of agricultural chemical fertilizer in China,the system design should focus on the long term,such as implementing the input efficiency control of chemical fertilizer,promoting the product quality upgrade of chemical fertilizer industry,and changing the traditional fertilization of farmers.

Keywordsfertilizer input efficiency; stochastic frontier model; efficiency change; fertilizer consumption demand

Policy-orientedAgriculturalInsuranceinChina:DevelopmentTrend,InternationalComparisonandPathOptimization

LIUHancheng,TAOJianping

AbstractThe rapid development of China’s policy-oriented agricultural insurance in recent years is closely related to the strong support of the state finance.By using descriptive statistical data this paper sorts out the development trend of China’s policy-oriented agricultural insurance since the pilot project in 2007.Comparing with the policy-oriented agricultural insurance of the United States,Canada,Japan and other countries,in-depth analysis is made on the existing problems and difficulties of China’s policy-oriented agricultural insurance under the new circumstance.The research shows that there is not only a big gap between the practical development of policy-oriented agricultural insurance and policy expectations,but also some problems compared with developed countries,including the inconsistency between the objectives of agricultural insurance policy and the situation of agricultural development,the insignificant provincial differences of financial premium subsidies,the relatively single types of agricultural insurance,the relatively small number of agricultural products supported by financial support,the relatively low level of agricultural insurance security,and the relatively backward management of agricultural insurance organizations.Thus,the optimization path of agricultural insurance policy is put forward:going on adjusting the goal of agricultural insurance policy,formulating the policy of differentiated premium subsidy of central finance according to the situation of provinces,taking on complete cost insurance,output insurance and income insurance,enlarging the range of agricultural products with financial support,enhancing the level of agricultural insurance guarantee,and constructing a national agricultural insurance management system.

Keywordspolicy-oriented agricultural insurance; premium subsidy; insurance type; guarantee level; insurance management

ResearchonBrandBuildingofAgriculturalProductsatHomeandAbroadBasedonBibliometrics

MALei,ZHENGShaodan

AbstractBased on bibliometrics,this paper analyzes and evaluates the research on brand building of agricultural products at home and abroad through the data of 2508 Chinese literature data of the research object from the core journals and CSSCI journals of CNKI from 2010 to 2019 and 2984 foreign literature data from web of 2010-2019.According to the bibliometric theory,the research data are visually displayed and analyzed by using CiteSpace.It is found that scholars at home and abroad hold different views in overall attention,research horizon and development trend due to the differences in policy environment,social environment and market environment.In China,the focus is on the organization and management,mode exploration and implementation path of agricultural brand construction,while foreign countries pay more attention to the specific implementation channels and implementation methods in the process of agricultural product construction.Synthesizing the current research status and hotspot at home and abroad,it can be seen that the future development trend of agricultural product brand construction at home and abroad mainly concentrates on mode innovation,industrial chain expansion,practical solution to social problems,sustainable and high-quality development,etc.,which provides reference for further research on construction of agricultural product brand.

Keywordsbrand of agricultural products; bibliometrics；knowledge graph; hotspot analysis; developing trend

“CognitiveTax”:ANewPerspectiveforUnderstandingPersistentPoverty

XIEZhiju，ZHONGJinxian

Abstract"Cognitive tax" is actually a metaphor to express the short-sighted behavior of the poor in the decision-making process,the obscured desire and missed opportunities caused by poverty,as well as the the additional cognitive resources consumed due to lack of material conditions and social support.The mechanism of "cognitive tax" triggering persistent poverty is that it will cause the poor to pay too much attention to scarce resources producing attention imbalance which results in lack of confidence and passion in life; too much improper cognition causes cognitive load and failure to catch opportunities to get rid of poverty and bring about affluency; insufficient emphasis on education causes intergenerational transmission of poverty.Therefore,enriching the cognitive resources of poor households is the first choice to get rid of poverty.This requires a change in thinking and cognition to minimize cognitive consumption.Meanwhile emphasis should be put on education to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty and abandon the poverty mindset and simplify services process.

Keywordscognitive tax; persistent poverty; cognitive resources; thinking mode; scarcity mentality

AnalysisoftheSocialStabilityRiskofRelocationPovertyAlleviationCommunityoftheUrbanCentralizedResettlementType

LIUSheng

AbstractAs a direct product of China’s targeted poverty alleviation,relocation communities have made great achievements,but they should always maintain risk awareness.Although the relocation of poor households in centralized urban resettlement relocation communities has achieved leapfrog urbanization of living space,household registration and some public services with the help of the state,it can achieve neither rapid improvement in livelihood capacity nor “Capacity urbanization” and “quality urbanization” in terms of production methods,lifestyles,and civilized qualities in the short term.This kind of “semi-urbanization” brings many social stability risks such as unemployment risk,economic risk,security risk,trust risk,real estate sale risk,social integration dilemma to the relocation of poor households.In order to maintain social stability,we should improve social stability risk management capabilities of the relocated communities with centralized resettlement in cities and towns,increase the follow-up support for relocation of poverty alleviation and relocation,improve the risk prevention and control mechanism of “easy-supported communities”,and strengthen the construction of social support systems of relocated communities.

Keywordsrelocation communities for poverty alleviation; risk; leapfrog urbanization; livelihood capacity

StudyontheInfluenceofUrbanandRuralResidents’IncomeLevelontheBehaviorofRetirementSavings

SUNRuiting，XIONGXueping，ZHANGDong

AbstractGuiding residents to save for retirement is one of the important ways to alleviate the pressure on pension system.Based on the survey data of China Ageing Finance Forum,using ordered probit model,this paper empirically tests the impact of income level on the retirement saving behavior of urban and rural residents.The results show that:income has a positive effect on the retirement saving and the overall pattern is n-shaped,in which the monthly income of 25000-40000 has the greatest promotion effect; urban residents’ retirement saving is more affected by income with lower threshold; the income threshold of retirement saving in the northeast is the highest while that in the east is the lowest; the retirement saving behavior in the west is the most sensitive to income but least sensitive in the central region; in the lower income group,the elderly residents’ retirement saving is more susceptible to income; in the higher income group,the middle-aged residents’ retirement saving is more susceptible to income; the influence of income in the youngest and oldest urban residents is greater than that of the rural residents,while the opposite is true for the middle-aged groups.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the aging financial education in rural areas,change the concept of the aged and improve the consciousness of retirement saving,so as to reduce the economic pressure of the pension system.

Keywordsincome; retirement saving; urban-rural differences; regional differences

ANewApproachtotheShortBoardofRuralHumanCapitalwiththeAidofAgriculturalCollegesandUniversities

CHENGHuadong，HUIZhidan

AbstractThe key to implementation of rural revitalization strategy is talent revitalization.Agricultural colleges and universities can play a unique advantage in solving the bottleneck of rural human capital.The transfer of rural human resources to the city leads to such “short board” as the decrease and the overall low quality of rural human capital stock,unreasonable structure of human resources and difficulties of introduction and reintroduction of talents into the rural area.This problem is deeply rooted in the fact that the development of rural industry is not enough,the development of education and training is not in place,the outflow of high quality human capital is serious,and the environment of rural human capital is not good.Hence this paper suggests that full play be given to the functions and resource advantages of agricultural colleges and universities to foster the formation of rural human capital scale,strengthen education and training support in the hope of improving the quality of rural human capital,promote talent training and innovation in order to make up for the structural shortage of rural human capital and improve the rural environment to facilitate the rational flow of rural human capital.

Keywordsrural rejuvenation; agricultural colleges and universities; rural human capital; talent revitalization.

TypesofIntergenerationalRelationsoftheFamiliesandItsDifferencesBetweenUrbanandRuralAreas

GUOQiuju，XIEYating，LIShuzhuo

AbstractBased on the data from the China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey conducted in 2016,using Latent Class Analysis,this study analyzes the urban-rural differences in the types of intergenerational relations from a whole family perspective.Results show that the common characteristics of the three types of intergenerational relations (tight-knit,support but distant,and detached) from the perspective of whole family are that children have provided their parents with high-frequency financial and emotional support,and the increasing space barrier between generations contributes to the formation of “support but distant” type and “detached” type.The relationship types have significant urban-rural differences with urban areas dominated by the type of tight-knit,and rural areas dominated by the type of support but distant.The results of the analysis on the determinant factors of intergenerational relationship types show that,in both urban and rural areas,the oldest old are more likely to form the tight-knit structure with their children,older adults with chronic diseases are more likely to go into support but distant type with their children,the disabled and widowed older adults are less likely to become detached from their children,and the possibility of family becoming the tight-knit type is quite low in terms of older adults with more number of sons and daughters.Moreover,older adults’ ownership of independent housing increases the possibility of urban families becoming the type of tight-knit,but reduces the possibility of rural families being such type.

Keywordstypes of intergenerational relations; urban-rural differences; intergenerational solidarity; family support function; latent class analysis

TheScaleofFarmers’LandManagementsince1949:EvolutionProcesses,RealisticLogicandProspectintheFuture

CHENYunfei,FENGZhongchao

AbstractFor the classic proposition of farmers’ land management scale,this paper selects 10 times of average total land area and competitiveness in agriculture as the defining standard of the size of farmers’ land management and the angle of evolution logic respectively according to documentation,and reviews the five stages of the evolution of farmers’ land management scale since 1949,including one from both large and small to small scale,one from small to large scale,a large scale one,one from small to large and a moderate one,summing up the realistic logic of economy,system and endowment of farmers’ land management scale.The research makes it clear that in the future the scale of farmers’ land management in China not only should be moderate but also should be adjusted according to the situation.At the same time,there should be the combination of large scale of land management and small one in the coming years,in which the former will be the leading one while the latter will still be the main body of agricultural production in China.

Keywordsthe scale of farmers’ land management; evolution process; realistic logic; prospect in the future

WillCertificationofFarmlandRightBeAbletoEnhanceFarmers’WillingnesstoVote?

WANGShujuan,LINing，ZHAOXia

AbstractIn light of a new round of agricultural land property rights system reform in China’s rural areas,the paper makes an theoretical analysis of the relationship between disposing capacity of property and the executing status of property,and then analyzes the election effect of the farmland property certification by using instrument variables,two-stage estimation and other methods with the data including 6940 families in China from Labor-force Dynamic Survey in 2016.The study aims to answer the question whether the economic right of farmland property rights can bring about more extensive political participation in rural areas.The results are presented as follows..Firstly,the certification of the farmland property significantly raises the enthusiasm of farmers to participate in village elections,but this effect is only practicable in the households engaged in agricultural production.Secondly,the certification of farmland property can enhance more enthusiasm of agricultural labors than of non-agricultural labors to participate in village elections.Moreover,compared with male labor forces,the certification of farmland property has a more significant effect on the election of female labor forces and the internal mechanism is possible because the certification of farmland property attracts the female labor forces’ attention to the agricultural incomes,who are the main body of agricultural production.Thus,it improves their enthusiasm to participate in village democratic elections.

Keywordscertification of farmland right；village elections；political participation；vote will

ResearchonFormationPathofPublicAttitudetowardsGMTechnologyBasedonInformationDependenceandRationality

PANGZhenjing,WANGYongjie,ZHAOCheng

AbstractBased on a detailed review of the literature,the study analyzed the survey data of public attitudes towards transgenic technology in Chengdu,Wuhan and Suzhou and explored the formation path of public attitudes towards GM technology based on information dependence by structural equation.It is found that authoritative dependence,media dependence,learning dependence and interactive dependence can sensitively affect risk perception by interacting with subjective knowledge,scientific rationality and social rationality,thus affecting public attitudes towards GM technology.Therefore,the key to risk communication of GM technology in the future lies in the establishment of the legitimacy of knowledge path,the strengthening of authoritative information mechanism,the construction of media scientific discourse,and the cultivation of scientific rational literacy.

KeywordsGM technology; information dependence; subjective knowledge; scientific rationality; risk perception; public attitudes

ASino-USAttitudeComparisononGMOandAnalysisoftheReasonforPublicOpposingGMOinChina

CUIKai，SHARONShoemaker

AbstractThe debate around genetically modified organisms (GMO) is one of the worldwide hot topic and is becoming more complicated in China.The present study aims at analyzing the difference in attitudes to GMO technology and produce between Chinese and American citizens with survey data.The statistical results showed that only 26% of Chinese think they understand GMO technology,lower than 40% in United States and 17.8%% of Chinese think the GMO produce are safe to eat,in contrast to 39% in United States.To further analyze why the public is suspicious of GMO,the present study summarizes 14 negative rumors about GMO,covering several aspects such as food safety,technological innovation,environmental protection,social equality,clean government,nationalism and religious faith.The results showed that all of those rumors have acquired a considerable amount of popularity and public recognition.65.9% of the respondents agree with the rumor that providing GM foods to major international events such as Olympic Game and the World Expo is forbidden.45.3% of the respondents agree with the rumor that American Monsanto has destroyed the soybean industry in China and GM Foods is a huge conspiracy and biological weapon against the developing country.In light of this,it is challenging for scientific knowledge alone to mitigate the public distrust of GMO and science communication is also needed for supply-side reform.

Keywordspublic; GMO; China-America comparison; science communication