刘娟
笔者经过十年的教学探索发现,标注是助力阅读的一种行之有效的手段。而目前考生在阅读过程中对于标注的使用及标注手段的种类了解较少,其原因是,考生没有受到系统训练,自己主观上也不够重视。
标注即标示注记,是一种帮助阅读和理解的手段。经过本人多年实践,总结标注的概念如下:“标”泛指使用下划线、波浪线、方框、圆圈、椭圆、箭头等形状对阅读中的相关文字或句子进行标示,“注”一方面泛指在阅读过程中,通过标记、数字、序号或字母对文段或过程性描述等进行标注,另一方面“注”也指在阅读中对于某些文字所做的注解、对某些文段主旨所作的简要概括或用简图注解说明某段文字。
对考生来说,限时阅读长达几百词的英文文章并接受从概括主旨大意、细节把握、推测词义到判断作者态度等角度的考查是很有挑战性的,而标注手段的使用就可以使考生的阅读更加高效。标注后阅读材料上显现的标注信息可以清晰地展现出文章的轮廓和相关细节要点,考生在做题目时就可以准确匹配题目和题眼,避免了目前考生阅读中逐句翻译、不断回读这个最大的障碍,从而节省阅读时间,提高做题效率。
1. 用方框 标出段落的中心句、关键词或简要概括注释。
英美文章尤其是议论文、说明文逻辑性强,结构严谨,段落首句或尾句即是段落的中心句,所以对首尾句的关注对全文和相应段落的理解很有帮助。因此,在阅读的同时,我们用 标出中心句、关键词或简要注释以凸显其位置。如:
2018年全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解C篇
We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — ...(注:例析)
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones . ... and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So whats the solution(解决方案)? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, ... They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
通過用 对段落中心句、关键词的标注,一篇370字的文章“瘦身”成四个短句组成的清晰的文章脉络,在此脉络的带领下,根本无需再重新阅读寻找信息,以下三个小题的答案呼之欲出:
32. What does the author think of new devices?
33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
而第34题Which of the follwing uses the least energy?的“题眼”所在也很清晰,回到相应的中心句所在段落分析细节即可。此外,对于新旧产品的选择,读者不仅做对了四道选择题目,也在字里行间吸收到了作者想要传递的信息。
2. 使用小序号数字标注。
使用小序号数字标注文章中的不同观点的列举、不同方面的论述、实验步骤等可以清晰呈现文章严密的逻辑性和结构的紧密性。如:
2017年全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇
...
To construct a working still, ①use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity.②Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. ③Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
④Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, ⑤securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.
...
本文属于科普实验类文章,讲解如何在野外利用简便工具制作简易蒸馏器提取饮用水,文章的难点就在于这个实验步骤的描述。在阅读的过程中,借助小数字序号对其标注,实验过程的描述便由大段的文字描述变成条理清晰的①②③④⑤几个实操步骤。那么,考查实验步骤细节的34题Whats the last step of constructing a working solar still?的答案亦即刻出现。
小序号数字标注的作用显而易见,同时我们也可以根据文字描述画出实验简图(如下图):
一个清晰的实验装置跃然于纸上,结合最后一段实验原理的描述,35题When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from__________. 的答案D. Beneath the sheet也明了。
小序号数字标注和简图注解能够助力科普实验类阅读文的阅读效率,它们对于培养考生条理清晰的概括能力、严密的思维能力和对科学实验的严谨态度大有裨益。
3. 用 标出逻辑关系词。
逻辑关系词在文章中的作用不容小觑,它使得文章内容连贯,逻辑严密,结构严谨,阅读过程中对于此类词的标注可以帮助读者留意文章句与句之间、段与段之间的联系,感受作者的行文思路。如:
2016 年全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解 B篇的最后一段
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling,giving up the life you know may be harder.
此文前边三段讲述老年人和成年子女同住帮助照顾第三代,促进家庭和谐,最后一段通过两个but表达了作者的态度:to say no is wiser, giving up your own life maybe harder, 即還是要根据自己的实际情况来确定同住与否。此段关于两个but的解读就是相应28题What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?的答案. A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own。
阅读文中yet, but, however, while等转折词的后边,通常是作者要强调的内容,将这些词用 加以标注,可以警醒我们此处是“题眼”,此处要精读,理解作者的观点态度。
类似逻辑关系词还有表递进的besides,whats more,whats worse等;表因果的therefore, as a result, because, since等,他们在行文逻辑中都起着重要的作用,通过对这些逻辑关系词的标注,读者脑海中可以呈现出清晰的文本发展的逻辑线,不仅可以更全面了解文章内容,也培养了逻辑思维能力。
4. 借用语文句子成分划分标志划分长难句。
长难句被学生视为阅读路上最大的一只“拦路虎”,是衡量阅读理解难易度的一个重要标准,对考生的阅读效率和心理状态都有很大的影响,因此,借助标注手段为长难句“瘦身”显得尤为重要。
长难句之所以难,在于其长,过多修饰语影响大家理解,划分长难句,就是将其修饰语“剥除”,凸显句子主干。在这个方面,与语文句子成分划分有相通的地方,我们可以借助语文划分句子成分的标记符号来抓长难句的主干。
在语文句子成分划分中,主语下面划双行线 、谓语下面划单行线_______、宾语下面划波浪线~~~、在定语前后用小括号( )、状语前后用中括号[ ]、补语前后用单书名号〈 〉标记。如:
2018年全國Ⅰ卷阅读理解 D篇第二段
[To figure out how much power these devices are using,] Callie Babbitt and her colleagues(at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York)tracked the environmental costs(for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.)
2018年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解 C篇第六段
The most hopeful data(shared in the report)shows clear evidence(of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids)[when it comes to reading]. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently,
通过这些标记线的使用,句子像基本的主谓宾单句一样明显易读,针对这两个长难句所设计的题目33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?和31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?的答案也就清晰可现了。
5. 用△标注强调感情色彩的形容词或副词。
强调感情色彩的形容词或副词主要体现在记叙文文体中。记叙文通常是通过对一件事或某人的一些事的描述来记述来表达作者从中学习或领悟到的道理或者是体现某人的一些特征。所记述的事情通常是有重大意义的,或对作者留下深刻印象,或是改变了其人的态度和想法的事,所以,文中表感情色彩的形容词或副词对弄懂记叙文的写作目的起着重要作用。如:
2019 年全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B篇第二段
But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should ... should ...”Chris trips on the“-ld”, a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“... Vote for ... me ...”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
本文主要是通过描述一位学生从演讲前紧张到精彩完成演讲的变化来赞扬老师帮助学生提升自信的爱心行为。文中两个对比鲜明的形容词和副词的使用,凸显了老师的成功引导作用。
在记叙文阅读中,学生通过对感情色彩词的标注,可以帮助自己关注故事情节、人物感情变化、故事前因后果等,同时也可以以文中人物或作者的感情角度来体验文章,避免带入自己的主观感情,增强了辨认能力和推理判断能力。
通过以上五种标注,长达300多字的英语文章便“瘦身”为几个主题句组成的简单结构图,逻辑衔接词和感情色彩词也从文中凸显出来,文章重点在平面纸上似乎有了立体的感觉,大大增强了我们的阅读效率。下面以2019年全国Ⅰ卷的阅读理解C篇为例显示标注手段给整个文章带来的立体感:
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces . At present, these technologies are still expensive,though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard . This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word“touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
通过标注,本篇文章的脉络显现出来:市场需求新科技识别不同用户以保护隐私——新型智能键盘及其工作原理——原因——通过测试有望面世。清晰的立体脉络可以帮助读者很快锁定31题 Where is this text most likely from?的答案:D. A magazine,其他三道题目对应的信息也基本上是对每段所标注信息的考查:第一段中框出的关键词和转折词即是题目28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?的题眼,可轻易得出答案D. To cut the cost of e-space protection。题目29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?考查的是第三段的要义,已框出,即 C. Typing patterns vary from person to person的意思。题目30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?考查最后一段所框出的本段中心意思即选项B. Itll reach consumers soon。
利用标注手段顺利做完阅读题目的同时,我们也了解到了新型智能键盘的相关信息,对介绍新科技新发明的说明文的行文特点也加深了印象,提高了说明文阅读效率。
筆者在2019届高三学生一年的教学中,专门对所教的110名学生进行了标注手段重要性和使用的讲解,并不间断地强调督促其养成固有的标注习惯。在后期的模拟考中,学生的阅读理解部分明显提高,根据问卷追踪,学生不止题目准确率提高了,更重要的是读后有所收获,吸收了很多题目之外的信息,对文章结构、衔接逻辑等也有了感觉,不自觉中也提高了自己严密的思辨能力和写作能力。
责任编辑 蒋小青