If条件句中的虚拟语气教学实例研究

2019-10-21 01:36田甜
中学生英语·教师版 2019年5期
关键词:虚拟语气语气重难点

田甜

虚拟语气向来是高中英语语法教学的一个难点。一难在学生的母语中并没有和英语中类似的、通过改变动词的形式来体现虚拟语气的表达方式,故而理解起来有一定的困难;二难在传统的语法课教学主要以教师讲授为主,学生被动接受,气氛沉闷,课堂效率低。

1. 教学目标

根据本教学内容的的难度和大纲要求,结合高一年级学生的认知结构及其学习特征,笔者制定了以下的教学目标:

(1)认知目标:能识别;能理解;

(2)能力目标:能够使用正确的动词形式来表达If条件句中的虚拟语气;

(3)情感、态度、价值观目标:能够体会在何种语境中需要使用虚拟语气。

2. 教学重难点

以高一新课程标准为本,在吃透教学大纲的基础上,笔者确定了以下的教学重点和难点。

2.1 教学重点:

(1)让学生了解在英语语言中,语气是通过动词的形式来体现的;

(2)让学生了解虚拟语气的定义和适用语境;

(3)重点的依据:只有了解了英语语言表达语气的方式,才能理解虚拟语气的动词形式。

2.2 教学难点:

(1)让学生自己总结出if引导的非真实条件句中表示过去、现在和将来的主、从句动词形式;

(2)难点的依据:虚拟语气较抽象,学生没有这方面的基础知识。

3. 教学方法

基于本节课内容的特点,笔者主要采用了以下的教学方法:

(1)直观演示法

通过包含虚拟语气的短片进行直观演示,激发学生的学习兴趣、活跃课堂气氛,促进学生对虚拟语气适用语境的了解。

(2)集体讨论法

引导学生通过小组讨论等活动形式,通过观察语言现象自主归纳总结。以学生为主体,使学生的独立探索性得到了充分的发挥,培养学生的自学能力、思维能力。

(3)活动探究法

以辩论的活动形式为载体,创造情景讓学生在真实语境中使用虚拟语气,进一步巩固本节所学内容,帮助学生更好体会虚拟语气的适用语境。

4. 学习方法

我们常说:“现代的文盲不是不懂字的人,而是没有掌握学习方法的人”,因而,笔者在教学过程中特别重视学法的指导,让学生从机械的“学答”向“学问”转变,从“学会”向“会学”转变,成为真正的学习的主人。这节课在指导学生的学习方法和培养学生的学习能力方面主要采取三种方法:分析归纳法、自主探究法和总结反思法。

5. 教学过程

在这节课的教学过程中,笔者注重突出重点、条理清晰、紧凑合理。各项活动的安排也注重互动、交流,最大限度调动学生参与课堂的积极性、主动性。

(1)导入新课:(5分钟)

导语设计的依据:从课题的关键词入手,帮助学生建立起完整的知识体系,弄清知识的来龙去脉。

(2)讲授新课(25分钟)

在讲授新课的过程中,笔者突出教材的重点,明了地分析教学内容的难点。根据教学内容的特点、学生的实际、教师的特长,以及教学设备的情况,笔者选择了多媒体的教学手段。这些教学手段的运用可以使抽象的知识具体化、枯燥的知识生动化、乏味的知识兴趣化。

(3)课堂活动,强化认识(10分钟)

以一个脑洞辩论题为载体,为学生创造真实语境,在小组讨论和课堂发言的过程中对本节所学知识进行强化。

(4)板书设计

在学生进行充分的小组讨论后,邀请一个学生到黑板上呈现出该小组的自主学习结果。这样做既便于暴露出学生在自主学习的过程中可能出现的问题,也便于教师进一步讲解重点知识。

(5)布置作业

作为课堂活动的延续,学生在课堂上的发言亦可看作是对辩论话题的头脑风暴,让学生对自己以及别人的发言进行整理,并写成一篇小议论文(结论和理由陈述),完成了对知识从认知到理解、到口头输出、再到笔头输出的完整过程。

6. 教学实录

6.1 Leading-in

T: Our topic today is Subjunctive Mood in If-clause. So my first questions are “What is mood?”, “Do you know how many different kinds of mood are there in the English language?”

(说明:这些问题仅为了引起学生的思考,而非让学生回答出正确答案。教师在提出问题后应立即给出准确的答案,此部分为信息输入。)

T: Mood is often shown by the form of the verb, which expresses the speakers attitude to what is said or written. There are three kinds of mood in the English language: indicative mood (陈述语气), imperative mood (祈使语气) and subjunctive mood (虚拟语气). Whats the differences between different moods? Lets look at some examples:

·Indicative mood

(1)Jill picked up the ball.

(2)Jill, can you pick up the ball?

·Imperative mood

Jill, pick up the ball!

·Subjunctive mood

If Jill had picked up the ball, it would not have fallen into the water.

We can conclude from the examples above that indicative mood is a simple statement or question. And we use past tense to indicate the fact that happened in the past. Imperative mood is a command, in which we use the base form of a verb to make an order. So, what is subjunctive mood? What kind of verb form should we use in subjunctive mood? That are the two points we are going to deal with today. To help you know more about subjunctive mood, I prepared a short video for you. Please notice all the if-clauses in the video.

(说明:由语气过渡到虚拟语气,简单比较不同的语气类别,帮助学生理解虚拟语气的概念。此处点明本节的教学目的和要点。)

6.2 Body part

(A short period from three different movies containing subjunctive mood in characters lines.)

T: Now, can you tell me when we should use subjunctive mood?

S: When we want to express our wishes or something that isnt true.

T: Yes. So subjunctive mood is a statement contrary to fact, a wish, or a hypothesis (假設). How many if-clauses have you found in the video? Please give me any of them.

S: “I wouldnt do that if I were you.” “Would you stay? If I asked you to.”

T: Youve done a really good job. But I heard some of you whispered, “There is one more if-clause.” Did you mean this one? I left out it on purpose because it is different. “If this is a dream, I should just kill myself to wake up, right?” “I wouldnt do that if I were you.” Try to compare these two sentences. They both come from the movie Inception (盗梦空间). Have you watched it before?

S: Yes.

T: Then you must know it is possible for people to live in their own dreams in this movie. Can the first sentence (If this is a dream, ...) be a fact in the movie?

S: Yes, it can be.

T: So we call it a real conditional (真实条件句). Can the second sentence (...if I were you) be a fact?

S: It cant be a fact.

T: So we call it unreal conditional (非真实条件句). And only in unreal conditionals can we use subjunctive mood.

(说明:在if 条件从句中,学生需首先能够辨别真实条件句与非真实条件句。)

T: As you can see, in real conditional, we use present tense to indicate a fact that happens now, just as in indicative mood. But what kind of verb form should we use in subjunctive mood? Id like you to observe some sentences and try to sum it up by yourselves. And I also will give you some help.

(1)If there were no other teachers here, we should/might feel less nervous now.

(2)If I knew all of you, I would/could be more relaxed now.

(3)If I had given some help to her yesterday, she could have done it better.

(4)If I hadnt been so busy yesterday, I might/would/should have helped her.

(5)If the Yangtze River should flood our school tomorrow, you would be allowed to stay at home.

(6)If you were to stay at home tomorrow, you might still have to bury yourself in your homework.

(7)If you stayed at home tomorrow, I should/could stay at home, too.

T: These sentences are divided into three groups. What do the sentences in the first group have in common?

S: They both are statements contrary to the facts that happen now.

T: Yes. So please set it down in your tables [与现在事实相反]. Lets continue. What do the sentences in the second group have in common?

S: They both are statements contrary to the facts that happened in the past.

T: Yes. So please set it down in your tables [與过去事实相反]. How about the last group?

S: They are all statements contrary to the facts that will happen in the future.

T: Actually, these facts will not happen or there has little chance that these facts will happen in the future, so please set it down [将来不太可能发生的事情]. OK, now please find out all the predicates (谓语) in these sentences.

(Ss give their answers one by one.)

T: Now you can discuss with your partners and try to finish the table.

(说明:在教师进行了一定的引导之后,让学生分组讨论,归纳总结出if引导的非真实条件句中,针对不同时态的虚拟主、从句分别应用什么动词形式。)

T: Id like to ask one of you to share your result with us on the blackboard.

(Ask a student to present his or her table to the class. Teacher check the table with the whole class and find out if there is any mistake.)

T: (Teacher show the Ss an accurate version) Please check your tables again and make sure there is no mistake. Now lets do some exercises.

(1)If Lu Xun ______ alive, how happy he _______ to see the great achievements of New China!

如果鲁迅还活着,看到新中国的伟大成就他会多么高兴啊!

Real meaning: _____________________________.

(2)If the doctor ____________ available, the child _______________ saved.

如果当时有医生在,这个小孩就会得救了。

Real meaning: _____________________________.

(3)If the earth ________________________ destroyed tomorrow,what should we do?

如果地球明天就毁灭了,我们怎么办呢?

Real meaning: _____________________________.

(4)If he ________________________ his mind, what should we do?

如果他一旦改变主意,我们怎么办呢?

(说明:在巩固练习中,除了需要学生运用在上一教学步骤中得出的时态表格之外,需进一步帮助学生理解非真实条件句的真实含义。最后一句则是强调上下文语境对于判断条件句的真假的必要性。)

6.3 Consolidation

T: Now lets try to use subjunctive mood in if-clause in real situation. With our environment getting worse, the earth may not.

(说明:课堂活动。以一个脑洞辩论题为载体,为学生创造真实语境,在小组讨论和课堂发言的过程中对本节所学知识进行强化。)

(After several minutes discussion, I ask the Ss in both houses to take the floor by turns.)

T: Allow me to suggest that you take notes of what others will say and it will be helpful to your homework today.

S1: Ill leave for the new planet. Because if my family and friends all should leave, I would be lonely here.

S2: I choose to stay on the earth. Because if we had valued our environment earlier, the earth  wouldnt have been destroyed. And if we were not to change ourselves, the new planet would be destroyed, too. So, we should stay and restore the environment here first.

S3: Id like to take a risk to explore the new planet. Since the scientists have confirmed that there exist water and oxygen, we human beings can definitely survive there. If I stayed, I might die from disasters.

S4: I wont go to the new planet because I dont know what may be in store for me on the new planet. If there existed some kind of monster, we would also die, in this way or another.

6.4 Homework

T: Your statements are all reasonable. And Id like you to write an essay including your decision and your supportive reasons as your homework. Im grateful for your cooperation today, thank you.

(说明:作为课堂活动的延续,学生们在课堂上的发言亦可看作是对辩论话题的头脑风暴,让学生回去之后对自己以及别人的发言进行整理,并形成一篇小议论文(结论和理由陈述),完成了对知识从认知到理解、到口头输出,再到笔头输出的完整过程。)

7. 教学反思

7.1 处理得较好的方面

(1)教学立意较高

从备课之初就确立了重理解、轻灌输的教学理念。从前期的资料查阅到视频素材的筛选和剪辑,始终以帮助学生理解“何为虚拟语气?”、“在何种语境中需要使用虚拟语气?”为目的,摒弃了传统语法教学“教规则、背规则、用规则”的模式,始终以学生的视角循序渐进/逐层深入。首先告诉学生虚拟语气和祈使语气、陈述语气一样,是英语语言中语气的一种;而英语中的不同语气是通过动词的形式来体现的。这样直接而迅速地帮助学生了解到虚拟语气的关键其实就是时态,帮助学生把握知识重点。

(2)教学形式生动

语法本是抽象物,体会感受不可少。学生对语法的惧怕之感大多来自语法讲解中的大量理论解释,为了避免学生对虚拟语气的定义感到深涩难懂,通过精心挑选的三段包含虚拟语气的人物对话让学生对此种语言现象的适用语境有一种直观地理解,进而引导学生自主归纳出虚拟语气的定义,然后再加以修正。这种通过自身感受而产生的理解远比单纯的文字定义要来得深刻。

(3)教学以生为本

学生是学习的主体。语言本来就是一种现象,应该通过大量的观察来潜移默化地学习。通过呈现经过静心设计的语料给学生观察,并帮助引导他们自己归纳总结出语言规则,比直接告诉学生规则,然后死记硬背加大量练习更高效、轻松。一旦学生弄明白了其中的规律,就再也不需要死记硬背了。

(4)课堂活动丰富

用形式多样的课堂活动来冲淡语法课的枯燥乏味感。另一方面,学生在教师讲解的过程中可能存在没有立即明白的地方,通过小组活动和同伴讨论,学生之间可以互相帮助解决一些不太复杂的基本问题,从而提高了课堂效率。

7.2 存在不足的方面

(1)对学情估计不够准确,在重难点环节有部分学生无法很快地理解教学指令。进而导致在重难点环节耗时过长,教学内容没有完整展现。

(2)准备不够充分,在重难点环节的引导和指令不够清晰明确,导致了部分学生没有完全理解教师意图。

(3)临场应对不够灵活,在课堂上没能及时调整节奏,导致整节课有点拖沓。

(作者單位:湖北省武昌实验中学)

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