我们先来看看以下一组雅思考试真题:
1. Some people think that technology makes life complex, so we should make our life simpler without using the technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2017/2/8)
2. Most of the world’s problems are caused by over-population. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2019/5/11)
3. The increasing use of technology in the workplace has made it easier for young people to find jobs and harder for older people to do so. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2019/5/4)
4. Art classes like painting and drawing are important to students’ development and should be made compulsory in high school. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2017/1/7)
5. Some people believe that children can learn effectively by watching TV and they should be encouraged to watch TV at home and school. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2017/3/18)
6. Some people think everyone should be a vegetarian, because they do not need to eat meat to stay healthy. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2015/9/19)
7. The use of mobile phone in certain places is just as antisocial as smoking. Do you think mobile should be banned like smoking? (2015/2/14)
仔細阅读这些真题,我们会发现它们有一个共同特点,那就是这些题目中都蕴含了一个因果关系,详细分析请看下表。
可以看到,这些题目中的因果关系,有些是很清楚地表达出来,比如题1使用so这个连接词直接表明前后的因果关系,题6使用because来提示原因;但有些题目的因果关系则是间接隐含的,比如题目3使用“… has made it…”这个句型来表达前后的因果关系,题目4和5则是通过and来暗含前后的因果关系。但无论哪种方式,我们在阅读题目的时候,都需要看出题目中的因果关系。
面对这种因果关系的题目时,我们不外乎有以下4种思维方式:
一、承认原因的合理性,也承认结果的合理性。
二、承认原因的合理性,但否认结果,论证原因不一定导致结果。
三、否认原因,承认结果,论证导致这个结果另有其因。
四、否认原因,否认结果。
拿到这类因果关系的题目时,我们容易出现两种倾向:(1)不讨论因果之间的关系,仅片面论证原因或者结果,导致审题不完整;(2)不加分析地承认原因和结果,使作文缺乏批判性。正确的做法是,先分析原因,再分析这个原因与结果之间是否存在必然的因果关系,是否还存在其他(或许更重要的)原因等。
老雅在雅思教学和写作实践中发现,这类因果类题目,一般的做法都是先承认原因,然后批判论证这个原因与结果之间的逻辑关系。当然,这只是一般情况,各位烤鸭应该根据题目具体情况具体分析。结合以上分析,老雅尝试给出本文开头7道雅思作文真题的审题思路,供大家参考。
第1题:技术让我们的生活复杂,因此我们应该抛弃科技,让生活更简单。
思路:(1)承认技术有时候让我们的生活变得复杂,比如我们得记住很多密码,最严重的是我们很多时候只能依赖技术,而一旦技术停止工作,我们的生活就会陷入困境;(2)但这并不意味着我们抛弃科技生活就会更简单,因为新技术在给我们带来困惑的同时,也为我们提供了很多便利;(3)我们应该拥抱新科技,同时又努力不成为科技的奴隶。
第2题:人口过多引发世界上多数问题。
思路:(1)承认人口过多给世界带来了很多问题,比如环境和社会问题;(2)但是,人口过多并不是世界多数问题的源泉,因为当今人口爆炸并没有降低人们的生活水平,而且人口过多问题正在得到改善;(3)我们应该关注人口过多带来的问题,但不宜过分夸大其影响。
第3题:工作场所新技术使用越来越多,因此,年轻人更容易找工作,而年纪大的更难。
思路:(1)承认工作场所新技术使用越来越多,并在很多情况下有利于年轻求职者;(2)但是这不意味着新技术对年纪大的求职者不利,因为一方面年纪大的求职者也可以学习新技术,另一方面新技术并不是求职的最重要因素,年纪大的求职者的经验和忠诚度往往让他们在求职中更有优势;(3)新技术的广泛使用让年轻人在求职中占据一定优势,但这并不意味着年纪大的求职者找工作更难。
第4题:艺术课程对学生发展很重要,因此艺术课程应该在高中成为必修课。
思路:(1)承认艺术课程对学生知识、情感、美学的发展很重要;(2)但是,艺术课程成为必修课值得商榷,因为每个学生的实际兴趣和未来发展规划不同,应该由学生自己来选择;(3)艺术课程的确很重要,但是否投入很多时间去学习,选择权应该留给学生自己。
第5题:孩子可以通过电视有效学习,因此应该鼓励孩子在家和学校多看电视。
思路:(1)承认孩子可以通过电视有效学习;(2)但是这并不意味着要鼓励孩子尽量多看电视,因为看电视过多影响孩子的身体健康,更重要的是,通过看电视学习有局限性,孩子们无法通过电视学习合作精神和领导才能;(3)看电视有利于孩子学习,但学习方式应该多样化,不宜过多鼓励孩子看电视。
第6题:人们不需要吃肉就可以保持健康,因此每个人都应该成为素食主义者。
思路:(1)不承认人类健康不需要吃肉,论证人类需要肉类食品来维持身体需要,因此不能要求每个人都成为素食主义者;(2)即使人类不需肉类食品就可保持健康,也不能要求所有人都避免食肉,因为这是个人自由选择问题;(3)只要避免破坏动物多样性,人类有理由食肉,要求每个人都成为素食主义者是不合理的。
第7题:有时候用手机和抽烟一样对他人有害,因此手机应该和香烟一样被禁止。
思路:(1)承认有时候我们用手机和抽烟一样对周围的人有害:抽烟让周围的人被动吸烟,影响他们的身体;用手机产生辐射,制造噪音,同样影响别人健康;(2)但这并不意味着手机和香烟一样该被禁止:手机除了给周围的人带去轻微的伤害外,还有很多重要的功能,而香烟除了伤害还是伤害;(3)手机不应该被禁止,但手机使用者应该尽量避免给他们带来的不利影响。
下面是老雅原创的一篇范文,读者可以结合实例看看这种因果类的题目一般是怎样来写的。
题目
Some people believe that children can learn effectively by watching TV and they should be encouraged to watch TV at home and school. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2017/3/18)
老雅范文
Children sitting in front of TV and enjoying their favorite programmes is certainly an attractive scenario, yet TV is an even more attractive tool for the education of children. [引出话题] Travel channels take children to many different places around the globe, thus opening their eyes to the vast outside world. History programmes give children a sense of the past by telling them about historical events and figures. And, if children watch such programms as “animal world”, they may cultivate an awareness of the environment in which we human beings find ourselves and then they may understand the importance of maintaining good relationships with animals. [孩子们可以通过电视学到什么] Furthermore, TV often presents knowledge in far more vivid ways than books and teachers, which makes learning from TV very enjoyable and efficient. [通过电视学习效率高,有趣味]
However, it does not follow that children should be encouraged to watch TV as much as they want at home and in school. [质疑题目中的结果部分,提出不应该鼓励孩子看那么多电视] In the first place, watching too much TV is harmful to the eyes of the children. As a matter of fact, many children become short-sighted at an early age simply because they spend too much time staring at the TV screen. [原因1:看太多電视对孩子的视力有害] Then, watching too much TV means the children have to sacrifice their time for reading and other creative activities. As many experts suggest, though children can learn a great deal from watching TV, yet their imagination and language skills can be better developed by reading. [原因2:看电视学习不利于培养孩子想象力和语言技能] Even worse, if children sit in front of TV for too long, they will have little time to mix up with other children, which may put their interpersonal skills at stake. [原因3:看太多电视不利于孩子培养人际交往能力]
To conclude, when we consider the positive role TV plays in children’s development, we need to take into account its possible consequences. We should allow children to watch TV because it is a good way for them to learn about the world, but we should also set a limit on the TV-watching time so that our children can find time for other activities that may help improve their personalities, imagination and interpersonal skills. [结论:应该控制孩子看电视的时间,使孩子们有时间培养其他能力]
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