内蒙古
副词,作为实词之一,在高考英语试卷中举足轻重,例如:在全国卷中,语法填空、短文改错、完形填空通常都会直接对副词进行考查,而且阅读理解文本中也常见副词的身影。然而,由于高考英语书面表达没有对副词进行直接考查,故很多人忽略了副词在其中的广泛应用。接下来,笔者将通过高考英语书面表达范文中的典型案例来逐一分析副词在高考英语书面表达中的应用,并向大家展示为什么要用副词,用副词有什么好处,以及如何用好副词为高考英语书面表达增分添彩。
在一些著名英语词典中,关于副词的解释如下:
1.《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary)
Noun (grammar语法) a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.
即:副词能给动词、形容词、词组或其他副词增添更多有关地点、时间、方式、原因或程度的信息。
2.《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
在《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》中关于sentence adverb n.(句副词,也叫句子副词)的定义如下:(grammar语法)an adverb that expresses the speaker's attitude towards, or gives the subject of, the whole of the rest of the sentence.
即:句子副词是副词的一种,能够表达说话者对于句子其余部分的态度或给出句子其余部分的主题。
3.《韦氏大学英语词典》
A word typically serves as a modifier of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a preposition, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence, expressing some relation of manner or quality, place,time, degree, number, cause, opposition, affirmation, or denial.
即:副词充当动词、形容词、其他副词、介词、词组、从句或者句子的修饰语,并表达如下关系:方式、性质、地点、时间、程度、数量、原因、反对、肯定或否定。
副词,按照词的构成,分为简单副词和派生副词。绝大多数的副词都是派生词,即由形容词加后缀-ly构成,如:polite/politely等。当然也有少数副词是由单词素构成,这些副词与形容词同形,如early,late,fast,hard等。
根据《新编英语语法教程》(A New English Grammar Coursebook),“副词,按其词汇意义,又可分为方式副词,如angrily,rudely等;程度副词,如almost,completely等;时间副词,如already,recently等;频度副词,如always,frequently等;地点副词,如everywhere,there等;连接副词,如therefore,however等;解说副词,如as,namely等。”
根据《新编英语语法教程》(A New English Grammar Coursebook),“广义来说,状语(Adverbial)也是一种修饰语,所不同的是,状语是句子成分,而不是词组成分。状语分为修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunct)和连接性状语(Conjunct)。”故本部分笔者将从副词所作的这三种成分出发,分别梳理其作用和用法。
(1)作连接性状语(Conjunct)的句子副词
①Lastly, don't forget to praise the host for the delicious foods he has prepared, which will surely make him happy.(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ书面表达,建议信,去中国朋友家做客习俗)
例析:Lastly位于句首,意为“最后”,在句与句之间起衔接作用,表明作者所表达的观点的顺序,属于表示列举和顺序的连接性状语(Conjunct)。常用的此类副词还有first,firstly,second, secondly, third, thirdly,finally,eventually等。
②As you know, in order to acquire a good knowledge of Chinese, you should learn more about Chinese culture and history.Therefore, this time I will introduce the poetry of the Tang Dynasty to you, which is of great help in learning Chinese.(2017年全国卷Ⅰ书面表达,书信,告知下次上汉语课的具体信息)
例析:Therefore位于句首,意为“因此”,表明前后两句话之间的因果关系,即前句话导致了后句话的结果,属于表示结果的连接性状语(Conjunct)。常用的此类副词还有hence, so, thus, consequently, accordingly等。
③Featuring Chinese paper-cutting, the exhibition will show a variety of paper-cuts in different regions.Besides, it will present to us the history and development of paper-cutting in China.(2017年全国卷Ⅱ书面表达,邀请信,邀请外教参观中国剪纸艺术展)
例析:Besides位于句首,意为“另外”,在必须陈述的各要点之间起衔接作用,属于表示意义增补和引申的连接性状语(Conjunct)。常用的此类副词还有furthermore,moreover, also, then, additionally等。
④When I have a different opinion, I won't choose to stick to it.Instead, I will choose to respect the opinion of the majority.(2015年浙江卷书面表达,当自己有不同的观点时)
例析:Instead位于句首,意为“相反”,表明本词前后两个句子意思相反,属于表示意义转折的连接性状语(Conjunct)。常用的此类副词还有however,nevertheless等。
⑤Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful.(看电影还是读原著?)
例析:Meanwhile位于句首,意为“与此同时”,表明本词前后两个句子时间上的一致性,属于表示时间过渡的连接性状语(Conjunct)。常用的此类副词还有meantime等。
⑥They were asked which they liked reading most among the four categories of English articles, namely, news, stories,popular science articles and articles about learning methods.(学生阅读兴趣报告)
例析:namely位于句中,意为“也就是说……”,表明本词后句是对前句的解释说明,属于表示同位关系的连接性状语(Conjunct)。
除了上述几大主要作连接性状语(Conjunct)的句子副词外,能作连接性状语(Conjunct)的句子副词还有表示改变话题的连接性状语incidentally;表示让步的连接性状语anyhow, anyway, still, though, yet;表示换个说法的连接性状语alternatively, rather;表示意义等同的连接性状语similarly, equally, likewise等。综上所述,我们可以看出:作连接性状语(Conjunct)的句子副词在句子或分句之间起连接作用;它不同于并列连词和从属连词,因为它往往可以与并列连词搭配使用,而且它所引导的结构也并非并列结构或从属结构;此类副词的应用使句与句之间的衔接更紧密,逻辑更清晰,所表达的含义简洁明了。
(2)作评注性状语(Disjunct)的句子副词
①More importantly, the elderly are usually supposed to be the first to taste the food served because they are highly respected in China.(2018年全国卷Ⅰ书面表达,建议信,去中国朋友家做客习俗)
②Fortunately, some world-famous players will be invited to give lessons.(2017年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达,邀请信,邀请留学生朋友加入校乒乓球队)
③Surprisingly, Sally was not driven out like the former teachers.(2015年广东卷写作,读写任务,概括已给文章内容)
④Actually, I have more reasons for reading the book in the original.(看电影还是读原著?)
⑤Personally, I agree with the second view.(看电影还是读原著?)
⑥Physically, we should spare no effort to protect our eyesight.(如何保护视力)
例析:以上各句中作评注性状语(Disjunct)的句子副词均位于句首,前五个例句中的句子副词都是表达说话者对于句子其余部分的态度;⑥中的Physically是给出句子其余部分的主题。
能充当评注性状语(Disjunct)的句子副词还有obviously, apparently, evidently; undoubtedly, undeniably,admittedly; naturally, basically, essentially; definitely,certainly; especially; relatively; actually, indeed; unfortunately;strangely; unexpectedly, surprisingly; hopefully; really; surely;financially, technically, scientifically等。
从以上案例中我们可以看出,作评注性状语(Disjunct)的句子副词对整个句子进行说明或解释,表明说话人对话语的看法或态度。它通常位于句首(有时出现在句尾),要用逗号与后面(前面)句子隔开。此类副词的正确应用可使所表达的看法或态度更加直截了当,简洁有力。
综上所述,我们可以看出:无论是作连接性状语(Conjunct)的句子副词还是作评注性状语(Disjunct)的句子副词在结构上都不与它所修饰的句子紧密结合,而是通常位于句首(偶尔也可位于句中或句尾),后常用逗号与句子隔开,引起下文。句子副词的应用使行文要点逻辑紧凑,意义连贯,语言简洁。
(1)副词修饰动词
①More importantly, the elderly are usually supposed to be the first to taste the food served because they are highly respected in China.(2018年全国卷Ⅰ书面表达,建议信,去中国朋友家做客习俗)
②Your comments and suggestions will be highly appreciated.(2018年全国卷Ⅱ书面表达,通知,看英文短片)
③I strongly rely on it that you will benefit a lot from the movie.(2018年全国卷Ⅱ书面表达,通知,看英文短片)
④I sincerely hope you could join us.(2017年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达,邀请信,邀请留学生朋友加入校乒乓球队)
⑤By doing so, I can not only share good ideas with others but also learn to express myself clearly.(2015 年浙江卷书面表达,当自己有不同的观点时)
⑥Our school has recently built a new stadium, which is large enough for us to play all kinds of sports, such as running,jumping and various ball games.(2018年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达,书信,介绍学生的体育运动情况)
例析:以上各句中的副词分别修饰动词are respected,will be appreciated, rely, hope, express,has built,其中⑥中的recently为时间副词,其余五个例句中的副词都是程度副词,增强句子表达的程度,使所要表达的情感更加鲜明、强烈,使句子本身更具感染力和说服力。
(2)副词修饰形容词
①I am delighted to know you are deeply interested in physical activities in our school, now I am writing to share them with you in details.(2018年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达,书信,介绍学生的体育运动情况)
②For my parents, things will be completely different.(描述一幅画)
③Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip fairly enjoyable.(介绍旅游景点)
例析:以上各句中的副词分别修饰形容词interested,different, enjoyable,属程度副词,作用同前。
(3)副词修饰副词
①Among the popular sports, basketball is what I like most.I play it with my friends at weekends very often.(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达,书信,介绍学生的体育运动情况)
②Naturally enough, we may have different opinions in organizing class activities.(2015年浙江卷书面表达,当自己有不同的观点时)
③This was ourfirst election, so everyone voted extremely carefully.(介绍竞选班长过程)
例析:以上各句中的副词分别修饰副词often,naturally, carefully,属程度副词,增强了句子表达效果,使所表达的程度更深。
本文所述相关副词归类如下,方便大家梳理副词复习思路:
综上所述,相较其他实词,副词的使用率虽然不是很高,但正确、恰当地使用副词,不仅能使文章句子简洁、全文结构紧凑,而且还能起到画龙点睛的作用。故笔者建议广大教师在日后的书面表达教学中,不断强化学生对副词的应用,以达到让副词的运用为学生的高考英语书面表达增分添彩的功效!