撒出满天星 收拢一把宝
——高考动词备考的11个“小问号”

2019-07-31 01:22新疆
教学考试(高考英语) 2019年4期
关键词:问号时态谓语

新疆

如果把英语这门语言比作无垠的天空,那么动词就是闪烁着的满天星辰,数量浩繁,魅力无穷。因此,它在高考各个题型中占有很大的分量,且难度较大,在一定程度上影响着英语学习与高考备考的成效。

下面的统计数据可以对动词在高考英语全国卷中的考查频次略见一斑。

年份及卷区 完形填空 语法填空 短文改错动词和动词短语 动词时态和语态 非谓语动词 动词时态和语态 非谓语动词2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ 9 1 2 1 1 2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ 9 2 1 2 1 2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ 10 1 3 2 2 2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ 10 2 2 1 0 2017 ·全国卷Ⅱ 9 2 1 1 1 2017 ·全国卷Ⅲ 9 2 2 3 0 2016 ·全国卷Ⅰ 7 1 2 2 0 2016 ·全国卷Ⅱ 6 1 1 2 1 2016 ·全国卷Ⅲ 5 2 2 1 1

在教学实践中,我们也清楚地看到动词因其形式多样、变化多端而常常让学习者与教学者感到颇为苦恼。为此,我们秉承“去大化小,各个击破”的思路,辑录了教与学过程中的若干个“小问号”,并根据动词的学习过程,将漫天闪烁的星辰和高考考点聚拢起来,分门别类,以帮助老师引导学生探寻动词学习的突破之法。

小问号1.什么是动词?

动词是用来描述主语的动作行为或状态的词。

小问号2.动词有什么功用?

动词在句中作谓语,是句子不可缺少的部分,用来说明主语是什么、处于什么状态或者做什么。

小问号3.动词有哪些分类?

动词可以分为实义动词(其中实义动词又可以分为及物动词、不及物动词)、助动词、情态动词、连系动词。

小问号4.怎样辨析及物动词与不及物动词?

及物动词(vt.):后面可直接加宾语,有被动形式。

不及物动词(vi.):后面不能直接加宾语,如果要加宾语需加上介词,没有被动形式。

小问号5.助动词有哪些常考考点?

考点一、疑问句结构

疑问词+ be动词/情态动词/助动词(do, does, did) +主语+谓语动词+...?

(2014 ·全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空68)Then the driver stood up and asked, “______ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”

解析:Did。考查疑问句的结构,构成一般过去时的疑问式,注意句首首字母要大写。

考点二、部分倒装句结构

1.only+状语位于句首,句子构成部分倒装,常用do,does, did作助动词

(2015 ·天津卷,单项填空3,改编)Only when Lily walked into the office did she realize that she had left the contract at home.

2.not...until位于句首,句子构成部分倒装,也常用do, does, did作助动词

(2016 ·江苏卷,单项填空34,改编)Not until recently did they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.

考点三、谓语动词的强调式

当谓语动词为一般过去时或一般现在时,可用do,does, did来强调。

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ,书面表达)我的确希望你能就这部短片给我们一些宝贵的建议。

I do hope you can give us some valuable suggestions about the shortfilm.

小问号6.情态动词怎么考?

考点一、情态动词基本含义的考查

①(2017 ·天津卷,单项填空2,改编)My room is a mess, but I _____ clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.

解析:needn't。needn't意为“不需要”。句意:我的房间很乱,但今晚出去之前我不需要打扫它。我可以早上来打扫。

②(2017 ·北京卷,单项填空21,改编)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ______ easily reach the books on the top shelf.

解析:can。can意为“能够”,表示一种能力。句意:我们班上个子最高的男孩子Samuel,能轻易地够到书架顶上的书。

考点二、情态动词表示推测的考查

(2016 ·浙江卷,单项填空17,改编)George ______(go) too far.His coffee is still warm.

解析:can't have gone。根据“His coffee is still warm.”可知,George不可能走得太远。can't have done在这里表示对过去事实的否定推测。

考点三、情态动词与虚拟语气相结合的考查

(2016 ·全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.

解析:删除can或将can改为should。考查虚拟语气。suggest意为“建议”时,其后的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。

考点四、情态动词 + have done的考查

(2015 ·天津卷,单项填空7,改编)I ______ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.

解析:needn't。句意:在来到新学校之前我本不必担心,因为这儿的同学对我非常友好。needn't have done表示“本没有必要做某事,但是做了”。

考点五、情态动词的主、被动语态

情态动词后面如果表主动,应用动词原形,如果表被动,应用be done结构。

①(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错)..., but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not to let me.

解析:去掉第二个to。would是情态动词,后加动词原形,故去掉let前的to。

②(2016 ·江苏卷,书面表达)Therefore, rules should worked out and strictly observed.

解析:should后加be。句意:因此,应该制订并严格遵守规则。rules和work out之间是被动关系,故应用被动语态。

小问号7.常见系动词有哪些?

小口诀巧记常见系动词:1“be”2“像”3“保持”7个“变化”5个“来”

1 “be”:am/is/are/was/were

2“像”:seem, appear

3“保持”:remain, keep, stay

7个“变化”: become, turn, go, get, fall, grow, come

5个“来”:感官动词look(看起来), feel(摸起来),sound(听起来), taste(尝起来), smell(闻起来)

小问号8.时态常考点在哪里?

虽然英语时态有16种之多,但是常用的也就是10种(见表1)。虽然在阅读理解和完形填空中可以见到多种时态,但是在语法填空和短文改错中一般只是考查部分最基本的时态形式。如表2所示:

表1:英语基本时态表【据《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》】

表2:高考英语全国卷语法填空、短文改错中常考时态

考点一、高考对一般时态的考查

①(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空64)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it_______ (be)more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.

解析:is。根据空格前的“says”及语境可知,此处描述的是客观事实,应用一般现在时,故填is。

②(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空68)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government _________ (start) a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.That prevented the emission(排 放)of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.

解析:started。根据本句中的时间状语“when (指代2005)”可知,此处陈述的是过去发生的时事情,应用一般过去时。故填started。

考点二、高考对进行时态的考查

①(2017 ·天津卷,单项填空8,改编)I ________(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.

解析:was driving。was/were doing sth.+ when (suddenly)did ...为固定结构,意为“正在做某事,这时(突然)……”。句意:我正在驾车前往伦敦的路上,这时我突然发现自己走错路了。故填was driving。

②(2015 ·天津卷,单项填空6,改编)Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she______ (teach) a class at that time.

解析:will be teaching。句意:Jane不能参加今天下午3点钟的会议,因为她那个时候正在一个班上课。根据句中的时间状语at that time,指代at 3 o'clock this afternoon,表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事,故用将来进行时。

考点三、高考对完成时态的考查

①(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空61)Since 2011, the country___________ (grow)more corn than rice.

解析:has grown。根据本句中的时间状语“since 2011”可知,此处应用现在完成时。

②(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.

解析:begin改为began。此处为过去完成时,其结构是“had + 过去分词”。

小问号9.语态常考点在哪里?

表1:英语被动语态表

表2:高考英语全国卷语法填空、短文改错中常考被动语态

(备注:2018年未考谓语动词语态,2018年全国卷Ⅲ的语法填空考查了1处非谓语动词的被动形式)

考点一、高考对被动语态的考查

①(2017 ·全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.

解析:took改为taken。主语this photo和take 之间是动宾关系,所以此处应用被动语态。

②(2017 ·全国卷Ⅲ,语法填空63)Sarah _____ (tell)that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.

解析:has been told/was told。句意:有人告诉过/已经告诉Sarah,她会成为英国的一名新的超级模特,故此处用一般过去时或现在完成时;又因主语Sarah和tell之间是动宾关系,所以用被动语态。

考点二、高考对动词不定式被动语态的考查

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ,阅读理解D,改编)Adults understand what it feels like_____ ( flood) with objects.

解析:to be flooded。根据语境,此处应该用“feel like to do”表示“想做某事”,不定式的逻辑主语是adults,与 flood之间存在被动关系,故用不定式的被动语态。

小问号10.谓语动词与非谓语动词辨析的要领是什么?

一、谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别

1.谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。

2.谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词没有这种限制。

二、非谓语动词的特征

1.非谓语动词若是及物动词,后面须加宾语。

2.非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。

3.非谓语动词仍有时态和语态的变化。

4.非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。

小问号11.非谓语动词常考点有哪些?

非谓语动词的时态有一般时、进行时和完成时,而语态则有主动和被动。如下表:

表1:非谓语动词的时态、语态

表2:高考英语全国卷语法填空、短文改错中常考非谓语动词

考点一、非谓语动词作宾语

①(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ,短文改错)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell thefish.

解析:将sell改为selling。介词by后应接动名词作宾语。故将sell改为selling。

②(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ,语法填空64)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.

解析:looking。avoid doing sth.为固定搭配,意为“避免做某事”。故填looking。

考点二、非谓语动词作定语

①(2015 ·全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空70)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people _____ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

解析:living。此处表示“居住”在上海和香港的人们,应用非谓语动词作定语,people与live之间为主动关系。故填living。

②(2015 ·全 国 卷 Ⅱ, 语 法 填 空 61)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) _____ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

解析:built。由谓语动词are admired可知,应填非谓语动词,adobe dwellings与build之间是被动关系,应用过去分词作后置定语。故填built。

考点三、非谓语动词作补语

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ,语法填空70)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me_______ (stay) and watch.

解析:to stay。allow sb.to do sth.为固定短语,这里作allow的宾语补足语,意为“允许某人做某事”。故填to stay。

考点四、非谓语动词作表语

(2018 ·全国卷Ⅲ,语法填空65)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge).

解析:challenged。这里考查非谓语动词,位于feel之后,作它的表语。

考点五、非谓语动词作状语

①(2018 ·全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空62)You don't have to run fast or for long ______ (see) the benefit.

解析:to see。to see为非谓语动词作目的状语。句意:你没有必要快跑或长时间跑步,去见证效果。

②(2018 ·全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空64)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ______(improve) water quality.

解析:to improve。to improve为非谓语动词作目的状语。句意:为了提高水质,政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻。

另外,在学习备考中学生还应主动积累常考动词和动词短语,这一点在完形填空中尤为重要;当然,书面表达中动词及短语的恰当使用,更会使文章增色不少。

如此,若是将漫天繁星般的动词以一定的规律收拢起来,必将成为我们英语学习及高考应试的有力法宝。

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