华明
摘 要 目的:观察血清尿酸(SUA)在慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者中与肾脏损伤的关联,及降尿酸治疗对肾脏的保护作用。方法:本研究纳入458例CKD患者,其中男性332例,女性126例,平均年龄(59.3±9.92)岁。评估SUA与肾功能指标的关联。对其中203例合并有高尿酸血症(HUA)的CKD患者分为降尿酸治疗(ULT)组(N=83)和对照组(N=120),评估患者6个月后两组SUA和肾功能的差异。结果:随着SUA水平的升高,CKD患者的估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)水平逐渐降低(P<0.001),血肌酐(Scr)和24 h尿蛋白水平逐渐升高(P均<0.001)。与对照组相比,治疗组经6个月ULT后的SUA水平显著降低(P<0.001);eGFR水平显著升高(P<0.001),Scr水平和24 h尿蛋白水平显著降低(P=0.013和P<0.001)。结论:SUA水平与CKD患者的肾脏损伤显著成正相关,ULT对CKD患者的肾脏具有保护作用。
关键词 慢性肾脏病;血清尿酸;降尿酸治疗;肾脏损伤
中图分类号:R692 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2019)10-0048-05
Association of serum uric acid with chronic kidney disease and protective effect of uric acid lowering on the kidney
HUA Ming
(Medical Management Section of Health Service Management Center of Jingan District, Shanghai 200070, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To observe the association between serum uric acid(SUA) and renal injury in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD), and the renal protective effect of uric acid lowering therapy. Methods: This study included 458 patients with CKD, including 332 males and 126 females with an average age of (59.3±9.92) years to evaluate the association between SUA and renal function indexes. Among 203 patients with CKD who had hyperuricemia (HUA), they were divided into the uric acid lowering therapy(ULT) group(N=83) and the control group(N=120) to evaluate the difference of SUA and renal function between the two groups after 6 months. Results: With the increase of SUA level, the estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) level of CKD patients decreased gradually(P<0.001), while the levels of serum creatinine(Scr) and 24-hour urinary protein increased gradually(P<0.001). Compared with the control group, the SUA level in the treatment group decreased significantly after 6 months of ULT(P<0.001); the levels of eGFR increased significantly(P<0.001), the levels of Scr and 24-hour urinary protein decreased significantly(P=0.013 and P<0.001). Conclusion: SUA level is positively correlated with kidney injury in CKD patients, and ULT has the protective effect on kidney in CKD patients.
KEY WORDS chronic kidney disease; serum uric acid; uric acid lowering therapy; kidney injury
慢性腎脏病(chronic kidney diseases,CKD)是由遗传、糖尿病、高血压或感染等多种因素引起的慢性肾损伤或肾功能下降,其特征是肾小球硬化、肾功能萎缩和间质纤维化[1]。CKD在我国的发病率高达10.8%,接近发达国家水平。随着肾功能恶化,CKD可进展为终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD),并增加心血管事件的风险,死亡率高,已成为重要的公共卫生问题[2-3]。
尿酸是人体嘌呤核苷酸代谢的终产物,主要通过肾脏代谢从尿液排出体外[4-6]。近年来研究发现,尿酸升高可以促进尿酸沉积于肾脏,导致肾脏损伤、尿酸结石等,引起CKD的发生[7-8]。有研究显示,高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA)是导致估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)下降的独立影响因素[9],血清尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)水平与肾小球间质病变程度呈正比[10]。说明SUA与肾损伤可能存在关联。本研究旨在观察SUA与CKD患者肾脏损伤的关联和降尿酸治疗(uric acid lowering therapy,ULT)对肾脏的保护作用。
1 对象和方法
1.1 研究对象
本研究以2017年1月至12月在上海市静安区某医疗联合体内就诊的458例CKD患者为研究对象。其中男性患者332例,女性患者126例,平均年龄(59.3±9.92)岁,入组标准为:(1)年龄大于18岁。(2)符合2012年改善全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)定义的CKD诊断标准[10]。排除标准为:(1)3个月内接受过非布司他、别嘌呤醇或苯溴马隆等降尿酸治疗的患者;(2)患者有急性肾损伤、肾病综合征、梗阻性肾病或合并可能导致肾功能快速降低的疾病(例如血管炎、系统性红斑狼疮等);(3)接受透析或肾脏移植的患者。
1.2 研究方法
收集458例CKD患者的年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史、糖尿病史、高血压史、SUA、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、eGFR、24 h尿蛋白等信息,评估SUA与肾功能指标Scr、eGFR和24 h蛋白尿的关联。
对其中203例被确诊合并有HUA的CKD患者在不干预治疗过程的情况下,根据患者本人意愿是否接受ULT分成治疗组(83例)和对照组(120例)。治疗组和对照组的男性人数(比例)分别为65例(78%)和90例(75%),平均年龄分别(61.7±8.2)岁和(59.2±10.8)岁,两组性别和平均年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对治疗组患者进行非布司他(20~40 mg/d,起始首月剂量20 mg/d口服,然后根据患者尿酸控制情况酌情加量,最高不超过40 mg/d)或别嘌呤醇(100~300 mg/d 口服,起始首月剂量100 mg/d,然后根据患者尿酸控制情况及肾脏功能酌情加量,最高不超过300 mg/d)治疗。对照组患者不应用任何降尿酸药物。比较两组6个月后SUA、Scr、eGFR、24 h蛋白尿的改变差异。
1.3 评价指标
(1)eGFR:计算采用慢性肾脏病流行病合作工作组(CKD-EPI)方程[11],男性eGFR(ml/min/1.73 m2)=141×(Scr/0.9)α×0.993年龄;女性eGFR(ml/min/1.73 m2)=144×(Scr/0.7)α×0.993年龄。当男性Scr≤0.9 mg/dl,α=-0.411;Scr>0.9 mg/dl,α=-1.209。当女性Scr≤0.7 mg/dl,α=-0.329;Scr>0.7 mg/dl,α=-1.209。(2)男性SUA≥7 mg/dl,女性SUA≥6 mg/dl被诊断为HUA。
1.4 统计学分析
2 结果
2.1 CKD患者的基本情况
458例CKD患者的平均BMI为(23.5±2.63)kg/ m2。235例患者有吸烟史,占51%;206患者有饮酒史,占45%;388例患者有高血压史,占85%,95例患者有糖尿病史,占21%。eGFR、SCs、SUA、24 h尿蛋白平均值分别为(63.5±18.5)ml/min/1.7 m2、(1.25±0.40)mg/dl、(6.75±1.98)mg/dl和(0.57±0.45)g。
治疗组和对照组患者的平均BMI分別为(24.1±2.8)kg/m2和(23.8±2.7)kg/m2;吸烟者的比例分别为60.2%和50.0%;饮酒者的比例分别为47.0%和41.7%,糖尿病患者人数(比例)分别为21例(25.3%)和22例(18.3%),差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组和对照组高血压史患者人数(比例)分别为77例(92.7%)和100例(83.3%)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2 不同SUA水平患者的eGFR、Scr和24 h尿蛋白情况
按照SUA水平将CKD患者划分为4个区域[12]。I区:SUA≤6 mg/dl;II区:6 mg/dl
2.3 ULT治疗前后的SUA、eGFR、Scr和24 h尿蛋白的比较
与治疗前相比,治疗6个月后治疗组患者的SUA水平下降值明显大于对照组(P<0.001)。治疗6个月后,治疗组患者的Scr水平下降,GFR水平升高,而对照组患者Scr水平上升,eGFR水平下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组患者24 h尿蛋白水平均下降值明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表2。
3 讨论
本研究发现,SUA水平的升高与CKD患者的eGFR水平逐渐降低,Scr水平和24 h尿蛋白水平升高相关联,提示SUA升高可能会直接造成肾脏损伤;也可能是CKD患者的本身肾脏功能不全,使SUA排泄障碍而导致SUA水平增高,SUA的升高又进一步加重肾脏损害而形成恶性循环。
CKD患者普遍存在合并HUA。SUA升高可以通过多种机制引起肾脏损伤:(1)SUA可以抑制致密斑一氧化氮(NO)合成酶系统而减少肾NO的生成,也可以直接与NO产生迅速而不可逆的反应导致NO耗竭。NO生物活性的降低诱导了内皮功能障碍,进而引起高血压、动脉硬化、以及肾脏疾病(如肾脏缺氧、肾小球硬化症以及肾脏炎症等)[13-14]。(2)SUA可以通过人尿酸盐阴离子转运体(URAT1)进入血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs),激活特异性丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)和环氧酶2(COX-2)mRNA的表达;部分通过激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)来促进VSMCs的增殖,引起肾小球前血管病变[15]。(3)尿酸水平升高也会诱导肾小管细胞由上皮向间质转移,从而引起肾小管间质性纤维化[16-17]。
中國的一项CKD横断面研究结果显示,HUA患者的肾脏损伤风险比非HUA患者高9.3倍[18]。另外一项随访研究显示,基线期SUA水平高的患者4.6年后CKD进展到3~5级的风险显著提高,表明HUA可能是CKD患者发生肾脏损伤的高危因素[19]。在高血压患者中,SUA水平越高,eGFR水平越低,肾脏抵抗指数越高,24 h尿蛋白水平越高[20]。有数据显示,SUA水平每升高1 mg/dl,肾功能下降14%[21]。本研究也发现SUA水平越高的CKD患者eGFR水平越低,Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平越高,提示SUA升高与肾脏损伤有关。
有研究表明降尿酸治疗可以延缓肾损伤[22-27]。一项动物模型研究显示,对被阻断单侧输尿管造成肾功能不全的大鼠进行药物降尿酸治疗,可降低大鼠的Scr水平,提高大鼠的肾功能,对肾脏具有较好的保护作用[28]。另一项随机对照研究发现,采用非布司他对3~4级CKD合并HUA治疗6个月后,eGFR水平显著升高,且eGFR下降10%的患者比例显著低于对照组,表明降低SUA水平可以延缓患者eGFR的下降[29]。本研究结果也显示,经过6个月ULT,合并有HUA的CKD患者的SUA水平显著降低,eGFR水平升高,Scr和24 h尿蛋白水平均下降。这可能是ULT后,减少了SUA与NO的结合,或者降低了SUA对MAPK、COX-2及RAAS的刺激,抑制VSMCs的增殖,使肾功能得到一定恢复,提高了肾小球滤过率,从而提高肾脏对SUA、Scr及24 h尿蛋白的清除,进而达到保护肾脏的作用[15-16]。
综上所述,SUA与CKD患者的肾脏损伤显著正相关,ULT对CKD患者具有肾脏保护作用。但本研究纳入的样本量较小,随访时间较短,研究结论还有待大样本的长时间观察研究证实。
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