故纸重光：修复中的明末刻本《忠义水浒传》

Article | Ren Jing Figures | You Yu

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重庆图书馆肇始于1947年成立的国立罗斯福图书馆，是国家一级图书馆，也是全国首批古籍重点保护单位，珍藏古籍三万余部，四十五万册（件），有217部古籍入选“国家珍贵古籍名录”。其中如唐写本《大般若波罗蜜多经》、宋刻本《名公增修标注隋书详节二十卷》、元至正翠岩精舍刻本《国朝文类七十卷》、元广勤书堂刻本《集千家注分类杜工部诗二十五卷文集二卷》、傅增湘旧藏清精抄本《明季郡国利病全书一百二十卷》等等，都是海内外珍稀少见的名椠精抄，具有极高的文物文献价值。

Chongqing LibraryStarted from the National Roosevelt Library established in 1947, it is a National First-Class Library and also one of the first batch of key national protection units for ancient books. It collects more than 30,000 ancient books and 450,000 volumes (pieces), and 217 ancient books are selected as the “National Directory of Precious Ancient Books”: among them, the handcopied book of Tang DynastyMahāpraj āpāramitāsūtra, the block-printed edition of Song DynastyMing Gong Amended and Annotated the Abridged Edition Book of Sui Twenty Volumes, the block-printed edition of Cuiyanjingshe during Zhizheng of Yuan DynastyCollection of Poems and Essays of Yuan Dynasty Seventy Volumes, the block-printed edition of Guangqin ancient academy of Yuan DynastyJi -Categorized Du Fu’s Poems Twenty Volumes and Prose Two Volumes with Collected Annotations, the fine hand-copied book of Qing DynastyComplete Book on Status of Nation of Ming Dynasty One Hundred and Twenty Volumespreviously collected by Fu Zengxiang and so on, which are all rare and precious fine block-printed editions and copies at home and abroad, with extremely high values of cultural relics and literature.

文物档案《忠义水浒传》一百回，明施耐庵撰，明末刻本，存八十一回，十六册。版框纵21cm，横14.5cm，开本纵25.3cm，横16.5cm。半叶十行，行二十二字。白口，单鱼尾，四周单边，无格。行间刻有批点，天头刻有评语。版心上刻“水浒传”，鱼尾下刻回数，版心下方刻叶数。钤“重园珍藏”“重威将军”印，唐式遵旧藏。

Cultural relic archivesLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshone hundred chapters, written by Shi Nai'an of Ming Dynasty, late Ming Dynasty block-printed edition,eighty one chapters and sixteen volumes survive.The chase runs 21cm vertically, 14.5cm horizontally,and the book size runs 25.3cm vertically, 16.5cm horizontally. Each half leaf has ten lines, and each line has twenty two characters. Baikou (a format of block-printed edition, where central folding part of book is blank), Danyuwei (or single fish tail, refers to the single line at center point of the type area),single frame line, and no character cell. There is punctuation between lines and remarks at the head margin. "Shuihuzhuang (Outlaws of the Marsh)"is printed on the type area, chapter number is printed under the fish tail, and the number of leaves(page) is printed under the type area. The book is stamped with "Chongyuan Collection" and "General Chongwei", which indicate it was previously collected by Tang Shizun.

旧藏识新珍 Newly Recognized Treasure from Old Collection

在很长的一个时期，和其他典籍相比，《水浒传》之类的古代小说在民间都是作为通俗读物而存在的。这部残本《忠义水浒传》在重图的无数珍籍中能占一席之地，又有何“过人之处”呢？

此书原为唐式遵旧藏。唐式遵是川军高级将领，与刘湘、林森、潘文华等都是四川陆军速成学堂同学，官至陆军二级上将，早年曾兼任重庆市政督办，及渝（重庆）简（简阳）公路局局长，主持修建了简阳—重庆公路，对重庆市政颇有贡献。全国解放前夕，唐式遵当了个有名无实的四川省主席，负隅顽抗，1950年命丧西康，成为在整个解放战争中被击毙的国民党军军阶最高者。此人虽无甚将才，却颇喜文翰，收藏甚富，死后其所藏大量古籍、碑帖入藏西南人民图书馆（今重庆图书馆）。因其在川军内战中曾被授重威将军号，故藏书钤有“重威将军”印。

↓ 古籍修复前需要整理页面

2007年，国家古籍保护中心启动 “中华古籍保护计划”，开展古籍普查。重庆图书馆历经十年完成本市普查，并陆续出版了包括《重庆图书馆古籍普查登记目录》等成果。由于这次普查,每一部书都直接按原书整理登记，所以在这样的摸底中，残本《忠义水浒传》在入藏半个多世纪后，又有了新的发现。

据此前的调查，比如《中国古籍善本书目》《中国古籍总目》等当前最重要的大型古籍书目记载，这种一百回的明末刻本《忠义水浒传》，仅国家图书馆和重庆图书馆各藏有一部残本，重图藏本存六十八回，可见相当珍稀。

但通过这次普查逐册清点，发现重庆图书馆所藏实际存有八十一回，回目为五至十、二十二至四十、四十五至一百，比此前著录多出了十三回，更远胜国家图书馆所藏的四十四回。古籍文献，哪怕多出一纸一字，往往就有独特的珍贵之处，因此这新发现的十三回，更增添了此本《忠义水浒传》的文献价值，也为学术界研究《水浒传》提供了最新的信息。

For a long period of time, compared with other ancient books, ancient novels such asOutlaws of the Marshhave been regarded as popular literature among the people. This aberrant copy ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshhas a place among the numerous rare collections of books in Chongqing Library, what on earth makes it "stand out"?

The book was previously collected by Tang Shizun. Tang Shizun was a senior military leader of the Sichuan Army, a classmate of the Sichuan Army Accelerated School with Liu Xiang, Lin Sen and Pan Wenhua, and was appointed secondrank general of the army. In his early years, he was also the superintendent of Chongqing municipal administration and the director of the Public Road Bureau of Chongjian (Chongqing and Jianyang). He presided over the construction of the Jianyang-Chongqing highway and made great contributions to Chongqing's municipal administration. On the eve of the national liberation, Tang Shizun became minimal chairman of Sichuan Province, put up a desperate struggle but was killed in Xikang in 1950,becoming the highest ranking leader of Kuomintang army killed in the entire War of Liberation. Although he was not so talented as a military leader, he was quite fond of culture and literature and had a very rich collection. After his death, a large number of ancient books and inscriptions he collected were admitted to People's Library of Southwest China(today's Chongqing Library). He was given the rank of "General Chongwei" in the civil war of the Sichuan Army, so the collection of books were affixed with the seal of "General Chongwei".

↑ 修复前的《忠义水浒传》

↓ 修复好后装订成册

In 2007, the National Ancient Books Protection Center launched the "Chinese Ancient Books Protection Plan" to carry out a general survey of ancient books.Chongqing Library has completed the general survey in the city over ten years and has published successively such achievements asRegistration Catalog of Ancient Books Survey of Chongqing Library.Since every book in this survey was directly sorted and registered according to the original book, in such a thorough investigation, the aberrant copy ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshwas made with new discoveries after more than half a century of its admission.

According to previous surveys, such asBook List of Good Editions of Ancient Books in ChinaandThe General Catalog of Ancient Books in China, the most import bibliographies of ancient books at present, such one-hundred-chapter late Ming Dynasty blockprinted edition ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshwas only collected with one aberrant copy each by the National Library and Chongqing Library whose collection has only sixty eight chapters left, which is quite rare.

However, through the book-by-book inventory of the survey, it was found that the cope of the Chongqing Library actually has eighty one chapters left, chapters ranging from 5 to 10, 22 to 40, 45 to 100, an increase of 13 chapters over the previous records and far better than the 44 chapters collected in the National Library. Ancient books and documents often have unique and precious value even if one page or character is added, so the newly discovered thirteen chapters add more literature value to the bookLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshand also provide the latest information for academic community to research onOutlaws of the Marsh.

珍本待研究 Rare Book to Be Studied

此本《忠义水浒传》第一册回目之后，全为绣像图画，每一幅都构图精致，刻画人物情态丰富，毫发毕现，印面十分清晰。结合全书印面，相信应是书板刻成不久后的初印本，更可见重图藏本的文物价值与艺术价值。而且国图存第一至四十四回，与重图藏本相拼，恰好可以合为一部百回完本。若能合璧影印，将十分有利于《水浒传》更加深入的研究，也将成为古籍整理的一项新成果，颇具意义。

但这部藏本破损严重，难以供人阅览，更无法影印出版。所以虽然已有不少书目和学者的论著提及此本，但它的清晰面貌始终未能为人所识，仍有太多悬疑未解。

比如它的版本系统。古代小说在流传过程中往往会衍生出多个情节与文字存在差异的版本，古籍版本研究除了能追本溯源，也能为相关学术研究提供可靠的依据。在我国四大文学名著中，《水浒传》版本是最复杂的，除了成书与刊刻出版的年代等因素外，还因有繁本与简本两个版本系统。总体而言，繁本文繁事简，描写细腻、文笔流畅、艺术价值很高；简本文简事繁，文字描写粗略、润色简单、艺术水准较低，情节梗概虽与繁本相近，却也有一些如“征田虎、王庆”的独特情节。

目前仅知重图藏本属于繁本系统，但与其他的百回本存在着哪些差异，产生的时间孰先孰后，这些都必须要经过详细全面的文字校勘后才能论定。再如，此本行间的批点、天头的评语，是否与著名的李卓吾评点具有关系，如否，则是何家评点？如是，则是否完全相同？这许多问题，至今都无法明确。这就亟需我们将这部珍贵典籍修复出来，使它发挥应有的价值。

↑ 修复前的《忠义水浒传》

↓ 修复好后装订成册

After the first volume, other volumes of thisLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshesare fully illustrated, each of which have a delicate composition, well depicted characters in great details and clearly printed surfaces. Combined with the printed surfaces of the book, it is believed that it should be the initial printed version shortly after the book tablets were carved, which shows the higher cultural relic and artistic values of this Chongqing Library's collection.Moreover, if the chapter one to forty-four of the National Library's collection can be combined with Chongqing Library's collection, they will make a complete edition of 100 chapters. If combined and photocopied, it will be very beneficial to the further study ofOutlaws of the Marsh, and will become a new achievement in the collation of ancient books, which is of great significance.

However, this collection is seriously damaged and is difficult for people to read, let alone copy and publish. Therefore, although many bibliographies and academic works have mentioned this book, its clear features have not been known by people, and there are still too many unsolved puzzles.

For example, its version system. In the circulating process of ancient novels, there are often many versions with different plots and characters. In addition to tracing back to the source, the study of ancient versions can also provide reliable basis for relevant academic research. Among the four master pieces of literature in China, the version ofOutlaws of the Marshis the most complicated, apart from the factors such as the time of completion, cutting blocks and publication, there are also two version systems: the complete version and the simplified version. On the whole,this complete version is complete in text but simple in plots, with exquisite description, smooth writing and high artistic value; while the simplified version is simple in text but complicated in plots, with simple description and embellishment but low artistic standard, and although the plot outline is similar to the complete version, it also has unique plots such as "waging a punitive expedition on Tian Hu and Wang Qing".

At present, it is only known that the collected copy of Chongqing Library belongs to the complete version system, but what are the differences from other versions with hundred chapters, and which came first and which came after, all of which can be determined only after detailed and comprehensive literal emendation. Another example is whether punctuation between lines and the remarks at the head margin of this copy are related to remarks of the famous Li Zhuowu, and if not, whose remarks are they? If so, are they exactly the same? Many of these problems are still unclear. This requires us to repair this precious ancient book and make it play its due role.

妙手赋新生 Skilled hand makes new life

承担这部《忠义水浒传》修复工作的，是国家级古籍修复技艺传习中心重庆传习所的傅晓岚老师及其修复团队。傅老师师从全国著名修复专家赵嘉褔先生，从事古籍修复已有十余年，技艺精湛，深受好评。

每一部古籍在修复前，都会先由修复师仔细“诊断”，制定出相应的修复方案，然后将修复前的状态扫描存档，以确保科学规范。这部《忠义水浒传》，破损状况已十分严重，主要有鼠啮、虫蛀、残破、霉斑、污渍等问题，所以在修复中将会格外谨慎、讲究。修复所用的浆水，都由傅老师每天亲手调制，所用补纸，也要根据原书纸张专门选配，要以较原书薄而颜色略浅为宜。每一张书叶的去污、溜口、补洞、衬纸，则更是要小心翼翼，力求精准，有些残破纸片的拼接，还要和专门从事古籍整理研究的人员相互讨论，确保每一张小小的纸片都能够恢复到它应有的位置。

目前，十六册中已经完成了三册的修复。相信数月之后，一部容光焕发的明末刻本《忠义水浒传》将会重新以四百年前的清晰容颜，展现在我们面前。

The restoration of thisLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshis being undertaken by Mr. Fu Xiaolan, a teacher from the Chongqing Education Institute, a national training center for ancient books restoration techniques, and his restoration team. Mr. Fu Xiaolan has learned for Mr. Zhao Jiafu, a famous national restoration specialist, who has been engaged in restoration of ancient books over ten years and widely acclaimed for his exquisite craftsmanship.

Before each ancient book is repaired, the restorer will determine the corresponding restoration plan after careful "diagnosis", and then scan and archive the state before restoration to ensure scientific standardized restoration. This copy ofLoyalty and Outlawsof the Marshes has been seriously damaged,mainly including mouse bite, worm damage,broken, mildew spot, stain, etc., so it will take special care and measures in restoration. The pulp glue used for the repair is prepared by Mr. Fu himself every day. The paper used for the repair should also be specially selected according to the original book paper, which should be thinner and slightly lighter than the original book. The decontamination,trimming type area, hole filling and lining of each page should be done with great care and precision.Some pieces of broken paper should be spliced through discussions with personnel specialized in ancient book sorting to ensure that each small piece of paper can be restored to its proper position.

At present, three of the sixteen volumes have been repaired. It is believed that in a few months' time,a radiant late Ming block-printed edition ofLoyalty and Outlaws of the Marshwill reappear in front of us with a fresh appearance like four hundred years ago.