罗晓莉 肖燕萍 林颖烽
[摘要] 目的 通過Meta分析系统性评价长链非编码RNA尿路上皮癌相关1基因(lncRNA-UCA1)对膀胱癌的诊断价值。 方法 检索PubMed、Web of Science、EMBASE、CNKI、万方、维普等数据库,收集lncRNA-UCA1用于膀胱癌诊断的相关文献,起止时间为建库至2018年7月31日。根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料;应用QUADAS-2条目工具评价文献质量,采用Meta-Disc 1.4和Stata 12.0软件进行统计分析,合并UCA1用于膀胱癌诊断的统计量。 结果 共纳入6篇文献,其共含膀胱癌患者919例,非癌对照418例。lncRNA-UCA1用于区分膀胱癌和非癌对照的合并敏感度为0.78(95%CI:0.76~0.80),特异度为0.87(95%CI:0.85~0.90),曲线下面积(AUC)为0.93。亚组分析结果显示,基于GAPDH为内参的lncRNA-UCA1检测效能(AUC:0.98)高于非GAPDH(AUC:0.85);以尿液为检测基质的lncRNA-UCA1分析具有较高的诊断效能(敏感度:0.78;特异度:0.86;AUC:0.93)。结论 lncRNA-UCA1对膀胱癌有较高的临床辅助诊断价值。
[关键词] 长链非编码RNA;尿路上皮癌相关1基因;膀胱癌;诊断;Meta分析
[中图分类号] R737.14 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)04(b)-0077-05
Meta-analysis of the value of long-chain non-coding RNA-UCA1 in the diagnosis of bladder cancer
LUO Xiaoli* XIAO Yanping* LIN Yingfeng* CUI Zhaolei CHEN Yan
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350014, China
[Abstract] Objective To systematically evaluate the diagnostic value of long-chain non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma associated gene 1 (lncRNA-UCA1) for bladder cancer by meta-analysis. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases were retrieved. Literatures related to the use of lncRNA-UCA1 in the diagnosis of bladder cancer were collected, starting from the establishment of the database until July 31, 2018. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, literatures were screened and data were extracted; QUADAS-2 item tool was used to evaluate the quality of literature, Meta-Disc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 software were used for statistical analysis, and statistics on UCA1 for the diagnosis of bladder cancer were combined. Results A total of 6 articles were included, including 919 cases of bladder cancer and 418 cases of non-cancer control. The combined sensitivity of lncRNA-UCA1 was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.76-0.80), specificity was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.85-0.90), and area under curve (AUC) was 0.93. Subgroup analysis showed that the detection efficiency of lncRNA-UCA1 based on GAPDH as internal reference (AUC: 0.98) was higher than that of non-GAPDH (AUC: 0.85); the detection efficiency of lncRNA-UCA1 based on urine as detection matrix was higher (sensitivity: 0.78; specificity: 0.86; AUC: 0.93). Conclusion lncRNA-UCA1 has high clinical value in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
[Key words] Long-chain non-coding RNA; Urothelial cancer-related gene 1; Bladder cancer; Diagnosis; Meta-analysis
膀胱癌发生于膀胱黏膜,是我国泌尿系最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其在西方国家的发病率仅次于前列腺癌[1]。临床上,膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱癌的最主要方法,常与尿细胞学检查联合应用。然而,膀胱镜为侵入性检查,而尿细胞学检查虽具有很高的特异性(96%),但其检测的灵敏度低(44%)(尤其是在低度恶性肿瘤诊断中)[2]。尿路上皮癌相关1基因(UCA1)是一种在膀胱癌组织中高表达的长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)。研究[3-7]发现,lncRNA-UCA1可能膀胱癌诊断的潜在标志物。有研究[8]表明,lncRNA-UCA1在诊断膀胱癌中有高度特异性,尤其是对膀胱癌G2~G3期的病例有極高的敏感度,提示lncRNA-UCA1有助于膀胱癌的早期诊断。本研究拟通过定量Meta分析,系统性评价lncRNA-UCA1对膀胱癌的综合诊断效能。
1 资料与方法
1.1 检索策略
以“尿路上皮癌相关1基因”“膀胱癌”“诊断”和“lncRNA-UCA1”“bladder cancer”“diagnosis”等为检索主题词,单个或组合形式检索PubMed、Web of Science、EMBASE、CNKI、万方、维普等电子数据库,检索时间为建库至2018年7月31日的中英文文献。
1.2 纳入与排除标准
纳入标准:①研究对象为临床已经病理确诊的膀胱癌患者;②研究对病例组、对照组的类型及例数界定明确;③研究提供足够数据用于直接或间接构建2×2诊断四格表。排除标准:①非临床诊断研究,如基础研究、综述、病例报告、信件、评论、会议摘要等;②提供的数据不能构建2×2诊断四格表;③重复发表的论文。
1.3 资料提取
2名研究人员独立提取文献内容,相互核对结果一致。提取的数据包括:标题、第一作者、出版年份、研究人群、样本量(包括对照组和病例组)、cut-off值、样本类型、内参基因类型和检验方法。
1.4 质量评价
采用QUADAS-2量表评价文献质量。根据每部分纳入的相关性问题(共7项),回答“是”“否”和“不确定”,对应每项偏倚风险等级判定为“低(1分)”“高(0分)”或“不确定(0分)”,7项的总得分≥4分,即认为文献研究质量较高[9-10]。
1.5 统计学方法
应用Meta-Disc 1.4和Stata 12.0软件进行Meta分析。合并敏感性、特异性、诊断比值比(DOR)、阳性似然比(PLR)和阴性似然比(NLR),汇总受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线及其相应的95%CI;通过Spearman秩相关、Cochran-Q和I2检验评估研究间异质性,P < 0.05或I2 > 50%提示研究间有异质性。研究间存在异质性时,采用随机效应模型合并统计量[11-12]。通过亚组分析和敏感性分析探讨异质性来源;Deek′s漏斗图用于分析发表偏倚,以P < 0.05被认为研究间存在发表偏倚[13]。
2 结果
2.1 纳入文献
本研究共检索到相关文献61篇,依据纳入和排除标准,剔除重复文献3篇;通过阅读标题和摘要排除11篇;剩余13篇文献进行全文评估,进一步剔除不符合文献7篇,最终纳入文献共6篇。见图1。
2.2 文献特点和质量评估
本研究共纳入膀胱癌患者919例,非癌对照418例,纳入文献的特征见表1。采用QUADAS-2条目对纳入文献进行质量评估,纳入的6篇文献中除文献[3],其他评分均高于4分,提示研究的质量较高。见图2。
2.3 异质性分析
经Spearman分析,相关系数r = -0.303、P = 0.339,提示本研究不存在阈值效应以及其引起的异质性。非阈值效应产生的异质性由Cochran-Q值和I2检验值评估,结果显示Cochran-Q = 80.93,P = 0.0000,I2 = 86.4%,表明存在由非阈值效应引起的异质性。见表2。
2.4 诊断性能
因研究间异质性的存在,故选用随机效应模型合并效应量。lncRNA-UCA1用于诊断膀胱癌的ROC曲线AUC为0.93,合并敏感度为0.78(95%CI:0.76~0.80),特异度为0.87(95%CI:0.85~0.90),DOR为44.90(95%CI:18.23~110.56),PLR为8.7(95%CI:4.34~15.38),NLR为0.21(95%CI:0.13~0.33)。见图3。本研究将内参基因类型和标本类型分别对亚组进行分析,结果表明,基于GAPDH为内参照的lncRNA-UCA1检测效能高于非GAPDH;此外,以尿液为检测基质的lncRNA-UCA1分析也具有较高的诊断效能。见表3。
2.5 敏感性分析和Meta回归分析
通过敏感性分析,发现纳入的文献[5]数据为离群值(图4),提示其可能是研究异质性的来源之一。对该数据进行剔除,重新合并效能,结果显示合并敏感度提高至0.82(95%CI:0.80~0.84),DOR提高为47.01(95%CI:18.16~121.69)。设置Meta回归分析对研究人群、标本类型、基因类型等变量进行分析,结果显示,研究间异质性来源可能与研究的内参基因类型有关[相对比值比(RDOR)=3.7,95%CI:0.91~15.03,P = 0.0641]。
2.6 发表偏倚
采用Deek′s漏斗图评估纳入文献的潜在发表偏倚,其P = 0.37,提示本研究纳入文献不存在发表偏倚。
3 讨论
膀胱癌是最常见的男性泌尿生殖系肿瘤之一[14-16]。目前,膀胱癌的诊断手段主要包括膀胱镜、随机膀胱活检和尿细胞学检查,然而前两种方法具有侵入性和不适感,而细胞学检查由于观察者之间的高变异性检查的敏感度低[17-18]。lncRNA-UCA1在膀胱癌的诊断中具有潜在的应用价值,但因研究间的样本量、人群等差异,其诊断价值尚存争议。因此,本研究按照诊断性荟萃指南[19],系统性评估了lncRNA-UCA1对膀胱癌的诊断效能。
本研究的合并靈敏度为0.78,特异度为0.87,AUC为0.93,提示lncRNA-UCA1在膀胱癌的诊断中是具有很高价值的生物学标志物。此外,DOR值可以说明诊断结果与疾病之间的关联程度[20-22]。本研究UCA1诊断膀胱癌的总体准确性是可信的。此外,合并的PLR为8.17,提示与无癌症患者比较,lncRNA-UCA1在诊断膀胱癌时分析效能高出8倍;NLR为0.21,提示lncRNA-UCA1在诊断膀胱癌中可能存在21%的假阳性率,提示还不足以完全排除膀胱癌。而SROC曲线位置靠近左上角,AUC为0.93,提示lncRNA-UCA1在膀胱癌中的诊断价值很高。总之,本研究的研究结果提示,lncRNA-UCA1可作为膀胱癌早期诊断的辅助生物标志物推广使用。
本研究亚组分析结果显示,基于GAPDH为内参照的lncRNA-UCA1检测效能明显高于非GAPDH,提示GAPDH可作为lncRNA-UCA1检测较好的内参基因。本研究纳入的样本类型包括尿液和组织,当仅以尿液为检测基质时,lncRNA-UCA1分析具有较高的诊断效能(敏感度:0.78;特异度:0.86;AUC:0.93),效能与整体合并的效应量相当。因本研究仅纳入1项样本类型为组织的研究,故未进行亚组分析。
本研究存在较明显的异质性,主要来自非阈值效应。同时,本研究进行了亚组分析和来源分析,证实异质性是由非阈值效应引起的,且所涉及的不同内参基因类型对膀胱癌诊断有不同的影响,这可能是异质性的主要来源。此外,由于lncRNA-UCA1的研究数量较少,可能存在尚未发表的文献对本研究lncRNA-UCA1诊断价值的结果造成影响。另外,本研究纳入的样本类型中仅1篇研究是组织来源的,其纳入总研究后,可能会增大合并统计量的异质性。
综上所述,本研究证实lncRNA-UCA1是一个新型的无创性肿瘤标志物,具有较高的敏感度和特异度,对膀胱癌具有一定的临床辅助诊断价值。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-31 本文編辑:王 蕾)