刘坤 徐贵成 尹倚艰
[摘要] 目的 觀察天麻舒心方对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血压及肠系膜三级动脉组织血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)、ACE2及Mas的mRNA及蛋白表达的影响,探讨SHR阻力血管富营养重塑及天麻舒心方的干预机制。 方法 80只SHR按照随机数字表法分为中药高、中、低剂量组,西药对照组,模型对照组,每组各16只,分别予天麻舒心浸膏液高剂量[11.592 g/(kg·d)]、中剂量[5.796 g/(kg·d)]、低剂量[2.898 g/(kg·d)]、氯沙坦钾混悬液、蒸馏水,15只Wistar大鼠作为正常对照。每2周测量1次鼠尾动脉血压。18周后处死动物,分离肠系膜三级动脉,采用Western blot和RT-PCR检测各组ACE、ACE2及Mas的蛋白和mRNA表达。 结果 给药2周后,各给药组血压均显著低于模型对照组(P < 0.01)。相对于正常对照组,模型对照组ACE mRNA及蛋白表达显著增加(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),ACE2 mRNA及Mas mRNA含量及蛋白表达显著减少(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。与模型对照组比较,中药高剂量组ACE mRNA表达降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA表达增加(P < 0.05),ACE2、Mas蛋白表达增加(P < 0.01);中药中剂量组ACE mRNA和蛋白表达均降低(P < 0.05),ACE2 mRNA表达增加(P < 0.05),Mas蛋白表达增加(P < 0.01);中药低剂量组ACE mRNA表达降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA和蛋白表达增加(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 结论 天麻舒心方对SHR血压具有较好控制作用。ACE合成增多,ACE2及Mas合成减少可能是高血压阻力血管富营养重塑病理机制之一。平肝活血中药可逆转ACE、ACE2比例失衡,增加Mas表达,通过ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas通路的干预,逆转RAS失衡,改善高血压阻力血管富营养重塑,减轻靶器官损害。
[关键词] 天麻舒心方;高血压;血管紧张素;阻力血管
[中图分类号] R544.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)04(c)-0004-05
Effect of Tianma Shuxin Granules on the blood pressure and the mRNA and protein expression of ACE, ACE2 and Mas in the spontaneous hypertensive rats′ third-order branches of mesenteric arteries
LIU Kun XU Guicheng YIN Yijian PAN Limin WANG Yang
Department of General Internal, Guang′anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of Tianma Shuxin Granules (TSG) to spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) on the blood pressure (BP), as well as the mRNA and protein expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2 and Mas in the third-order branches of mesenteric arteries, and investigate the possible mechanisms of SHRs′ resistance vascular eutrophic remodeling and the intervention of TSG. Methods Eighty male SPF SHRs were divided into five groups with 16 rats in each group according to the random number table method: high dosage traditional Chinese medicine group [11.592 g/(kg·d) TSG], medium dosage traditional Chinese medicine group [5.796 g/(kg·d) TSG] and low dosage traditional Chinese medicine group [2.898 g/(kg·d) TSG], Western medicine control group and model control group were treated with TSG, Losartan Potassium Suspension and distilled water respectively. Fifteen Wistar rats were taken as normal control group. The BP of rat tail artery was measured fortnightly. After 18 weeks, rats in each group were killed and the mesenteric arteries were separated. The protein and mRNA expression of ACE, ACE2 and Mas were measured by Western blot and RT-PCR respectively. Results After 2 weeks of administration, the BP of the Western medicine control group, the high dosage traditional Chinese medicine group and the middle dosage traditional Chinese medicine group were significantly lower than that of the model control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the normal control group, the mRNA and protein expression of ACE in the model control group were increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the content and the protein expression of mRNA of ACE2 and Mas were decreased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the model control group, the mRNA expression of ACE in the high dosage traditional Chinese medicine group was decreased (P < 0.05), the mRNA expression of Mas was increased (P < 0.05), the protein expression of ACE2 and Mas were increased (P < 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression of ACE were decreased (P < 0.05), the mRNA expression of ACE2 and the protein expression of Mas were increased in the medium dosage traditional Chinese medicine group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of ACE was decreased (P < 0.05), the mRNA and protein expression of Mas were increased in the low dosage traditional Chinese medicine group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion TSG has markedly effect in lowering SHRs′ BP. Increased synthesis of ACE, and decreased synthesis of ACE2 and Mas may be one of the pathological mechanisms of vascular nutrition-rich remodeling in hypertension resistance. TSG can reverse the imbalance of ACE and ACE2, increase the expression of Mas, it can reverse the imbalance of RAS by means of interfering the ACE2 - Ang (1-7) - Mas pathways, it is beneficial to improve the vascular hypertension resistance eutrophic remodeling and reduce the target-organ damage.
[Key words] Tianma Shuxin Granules; Hypertension; Angiotensin; Resistance vessel
高血压是危害人类健康的重要疾病,早期累及小动脉,随病情进展可迁延至大動脉。其发病机制复杂,肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)是关键环节[1-2],在维持血压及心血管微环境稳定中占据重要地位[3]。血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)增加,血管紧张素(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)升高并与血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R)相结合,RAS激活,导致血压升高、心血管重塑和靶器官损伤[4]。ACE2可剪切AngⅠ转化为Ang-(1-9),进一步在ACE的作用下转化为Ang-(1-7)[5],另可高效水解AngⅡ直接转化为Ang-(1-7),Ang-(1-7)通过激活其受体Mas,发挥舒张血管作用,由此推断,ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas可能在平衡ACE/AngⅡ/AT1R的缩血管作用方面发挥关键作用[6]。前期研究显示天麻舒心方在降压同时具有改善阻力血管富营养重塑作用[7-8]。本研究以阻力血管肠系膜三级动脉为切入点,采用自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)模型,观察天麻舒心方降压作用并探讨其可能机制,为天麻舒心方临床应用提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 主要材料与试剂
1.1.1 实验动物 SHR 80只,Wistar大鼠15只,雄性,鼠龄14周,动物级别:SPF级,许可证号:SCXK(京)2012-0001。均购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,购置后于中国中医科学院广安门医院动物中心饲养,该中心环境设施符合二级动物(清洁动物CL)标准。
1.1.2 实验药物 天麻舒心浸膏液(方由天麻、牛膝、牡蛎、赤芍、防己、玄参、水蛭、泽泻组成),中国中医科学院广安门医院制剂室生产。氯沙坦钾(科素亚),杭州默沙东制药有限公司生产(生产批号:H20030654),研碎,无菌蒸馏水溶解,制成2 mg/mL溶液。
1.1.3 主要试剂 单克隆小鼠抗大鼠ACE抗体(Millipore,Cat No:MAB3502-1),单克隆兔抗大鼠ACE2抗体(Abcam,Cat No:ab108252),单克隆兔抗大鼠MAS1抗体(Santa Cruz,Cat No:sc-135063)
1.1.4 主要仪器 动物无创血压测量系统(成都泰盟科技有限公司BP-6),PCR仪(Long Gene MyGene MG96+),荧光定量PCR仪(Line-Gene K),凝胶成像系统(Gel Ocumentuteon Systern Beosens SC 805),低温冷冻离心机(Thermo Fresco21),酶标仪(Thermo Multiskan MK3),电泳槽(Cavoy Mini P-4),湿转电泳槽(Tanon VE186),电泳仪(北京六一 DYY-7C)。
1.2 给药方法
80只SHR依据随机数字表法分为中药高、中、低剂量组,西药对照组,模型对照组,每组各16只。中药高、中、低剂量组分别予天麻舒心浸膏液11.592、5.796、2.898 g/(kg·d),相当于成人用生药量[0.414 g/(kg·d)]的28、14、7倍;西药对照组给予氯沙坦钾混悬液17.5 mg/(kg·d);模型对照组给予同体积蒸馏水。15只Wistar大鼠作为正常对照组给予同体积蒸馏水。灌胃给药,每日1次。共18周。
1.3 鼠尾动脉压测量
采用动物无创血压测量箱。大鼠于箱内预热15 min,待尾动脉充分扩张后将鼠尾套入尾袖中,动物安静后充气,待图像平稳后匀速放气,重复3次,取平均值,测定大鼠清醒安静状态下尾动脉的收缩压。实验开始及之后每2周测量1次。
1.4 RT-PCR法检测肠系膜三级动脉组织ACE、ACE2及Mas的mRNA水平
给药18周后,处死动物并留取肠系膜三级动脉标本并保存于-80℃冰箱。取-80℃冰箱保存的大鼠肠系膜三级动脉组织100 mg,Trizol一步法提取总RNA,比色法测定总RNA浓度和纯度,逆转录反应后进行PCR扩增各基因PCR,扩增引物序列见表1。凝胶成像系统检测各组mRNA表达强度。
1.5 Western blot法检测肠系膜三级动脉组织ACE、ACE2和Mas蛋白表达水平
取材方法同前。取-80℃冰箱保存的肠系膜三级动脉组织提取蛋白,以BCA法测蛋白浓度,经聚丙烯酰胺琼脂糖凝胶电泳后,转移到PVDF膜上,封闭液封闭。用5% BSA-TBST稀释一抗,室温孵育1 h,放4℃过夜。洗膜。二抗孵育。ECL加到膜上后反应3~5 min,胶片曝光:10 s~5 min(曝光时间随不同光强度而调整),显影2 min,定影。凝胶图像分析系统照相和条带密度扫描,按相对系数=目的带表达强度/β-actin表达强度,计算目的蛋白表达相对水平。
1.6 统计学方法
采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用LSD检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 天麻舒心方对SHR血压动态变化的影响
实验过程中,中药高、中、低剂量组,西药对照组,模型对照组,正常对照组分别死亡4、1、2、3、1、1只大鼠,死亡原因为血压测量时挣扎脱水、灌胃不慎药物进入气管窒息、同笼动物打斗致死等。
给药前,模型对照组血压水平高于正常对照组(P < 0.01),说明高血压模型确立。无药物干预下,SHR血压水平随鼠龄增加呈上升趋势。给药2周后,西药对照组、中药高剂量组、中药中剂量组血压均显著低于模型对照组(P < 0.01),給药14周后,各中药组及西药对照组血压均显著低于模型对照组(P < 0.01),见表2。
2.2 天麻舒心方对自发性高血压大鼠肠系膜三级动脉组织中ACE、ACE2及Mas的蛋白表达及mRNA水平的影响
与正常对照组比较,模型对照组ACE的蛋白表达显著增加(P < 0.01),ACE2及Mas蛋白表达显著减少(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。与模型对照组比较,中药高剂量组ACE2、Mas蛋白表达增加(P < 0.01);中药中剂量组ACE 蛋白表达降低(P < 0.05),ACE2的Mas蛋白表达增加(P < 0.01);中药低剂量组Mas的蛋白表达增加(P < 0.01)。见图1,表3。
与正常对照组比较,模型对照组ACE mRNA含量显著增加(P < 0.05),ACE2及Mas的mRNA含量显著减少(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。与模型对照组比较,中药高剂量组ACE mRNA含量降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA含量增加(P < 0.05);中药中剂量组ACE mRNA含量降低(P < 0.05),ACE2 mRNA含量增加(P < 0.05);中药低剂量组ACE mRNA含量降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA含量增加(P < 0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
RAS存在两条相互拮抗的通路,即ACE/AngⅡ/AT1R通路和ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas通路[9],前者主要通过AngⅡ引起血管收缩、血压升高、促进心肌细胞和血管平滑肌细胞增生等效应[10];后者作用与前者作用相反,Ang(1-7)可抑制AngⅡ诱导的平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移[11],降低Ⅳ型胶原、转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、血管内皮生长因子等表达[12]。另有研究发现,ACE2及其产物Ang(1-7)可减少细胞增殖及炎性反应从而具有改善动脉硬化作用[13-14]。使用ACE抑制剂或AT1R拮抗剂可升高Ang-(1-7)水平并激活Mas受体改善血管重塑[15]、产生心肾保护作用[16]。以外源性Ang(1-7)干预高血压射血分数保留心力衰竭大鼠模型,可上调ACE2及Mas受体的表达,但不影响ACE表达,提示Ang(1-7)与其特异性受体Mas受体结合而发挥心血管保护作用[17]。采用体外培养人肾小球内皮细胞发现,Ang(1-7)可通过Mas受体拮抗AngⅡ诱导的肾小球内皮细胞损伤及氧化应激[18]。采用股动脉血管损伤模型小鼠更进一步发现[19],Mas敲除小鼠与野生型小鼠比较,股动脉新内膜形成、细胞增殖、MCP-1、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、超氧化物歧化酶水平均显著增高,而阿齐沙坦治疗可显著改善。可见,RAS双通路在高血压及其靶器官损害的研究中具有重要意义。
高血压导致的血管病变在其靶器官损害的前期发挥着重要作用[20]。本课题组既往研究显示,SHR阻力血管出现了以管腔内径、外径减少,中膜厚度、中膜厚度/内半径增加为特点的富营养重塑[8]。天麻舒心方干预后,SHR肠系膜三级动脉管径增加,平滑肌细胞增生、内弹力层变形及胶原纤维增生得到一定的抑制,高血压阻力血管富营养重塑在显微形态及超微结构层面得到改善[7],由此推测,天麻舒心方通过调节阻力血管局部ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas及ACE/AngⅡ/AT1R轴,发挥改善高血压阻力血管富营养重塑的作用。
本研究建立SHR模型,并以天麻舒心方进行干预,监测血压,并观察阻力血管肠系膜三级动脉的RAS双通路变化。结果发现,高血压阻力血管局部出现RAS失衡,主要表现为ACE合成增多、ACE2及Mas合成减少,天麻舒心方除有效降压外,可逆转ACE、ACE2比例失衡,增加Mas表达,在血管紧张素转化酶及受体层面,通过对ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas通路的干预,逆转RAS失衡。研究初步揭示了中医药治疗高血压早期血管重塑的分子机制和科学内涵,为高血压血管重塑特点及病理机制研究提供新的证据,为中医药早期干预高血压血管重塑提供科学依据;另一方面,将高血压血管损伤的干预节点前移至早期富营养重塑阶段,充分发挥了中医“治未病”的优势,为早期干预高血压靶器官损害提供了新的思路。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-07 本文编辑:任 念)