寇渭教
【摘要】词汇是构成语言的最基本材料,词汇量是英语水平的一个重要标志,而构词法又是提高词汇量的重要方法之一。合成词在考纲中并未列出,但在考题中却经常考到。本文从解决词汇学习的实际问题入手,旨在探索英语合成词的教学新构思, 结合新课标考纲探寻高效记忆《英语7选修》合成词的有效方法,从而扩大英语学习者的词汇量。
【关键词】词汇;合成词;构词法
聂龙(2001)认为词汇学习的重要性大于语法学习,尤其在学习的中高级阶段。最新修订的《普通高中英语课程标准》(2017年版),列出了高考应掌握的3000个单词,但未列出根据构词法推导出的合成词。高考真题中出现的不仅仅是词汇表的单词,还有它们的派生词、转义词、合成词等,这部分单词给学生造成一种“老师没讲过”的错觉,影响考试发挥。张颖秋(2005)指出,国内学生词汇学习策略匮乏,元认知策略意識不明确,词汇教学没有统一规范。许多教师认为,词汇学习是学生自己的事,词汇记忆不可教,词汇学习策略教学没时间也没必要。学生缺乏构词法知识,会直接导致语言行为失败,尤其是在高考中。作为一线教育工作者,多次的大小考试表明,我校学生英语学习存在词汇量过小、词汇学习不得法、词汇使用不当等突出问题,而词汇量的多寡直接影响学生在高考听、说、读、看、写中的表现。笔者常听学生感叹 “单词太多,记了就忘,忘了又记”、“记单词难、难于上青天”;教师常埋怨学生“这个单词都不认识”、“词汇量太小”。即使教师经常抽背、听写单词,大量《课标》词汇在考试中还是一大拦路虎。
导致上述问题的主要原因是教师对词汇课的重视程度不一,对词汇进行略讲、少讲、甚至是不讲的处理。教师本身对构词法探究的比较少,在教学中传授有关构词法知识更是有限,导致学生在词汇记忆时能借助的构词法知识与方法很少,基本靠死记硬背。这种不系统、欠缺关联性的教学方式,长期以往,随着词汇量的增多,便加大了学生词汇学习的负担,降低了学生的学习积极性与英语学习的热情。因此,要提高词汇学习的效率,教师需要深入探究构词法知识,并在教学中引导学生利用所学技巧,才能提高词汇教学的效果。因此,探索有效的词汇学习策略,帮助学生掌握一些英语词汇学习策略,对提高词汇学习效率就非常有必要了。
一、研究内容
普通高中课程标准实验教科书,英语7选修,合成词。
二、研究过程
首先,从《英语7选修》课本的词汇表中按照单元顺序一一挑选出五个单元的合成词,包括合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词、合成副词、合成代词、合成介词,然后结合考纲,按照单元词汇表顺序进行汇总,接着回归课文,在课文中找到改词的课文出处并标出该词的单元与页码(方便教师与学生查阅),然后运用构词法认知策略,借助权威词典(朗文当代高级英语辞典词典),再结合高考真题,展示速记方法并提供例句(每个单词分别包含构词法助记、课文出处、权威词典、高考真题), 为《选修7》的目标词汇提供丰富的文本语境,有效帮助学生记忆词汇,以更系统、更规律、更高效地记忆单词、快速扩大词汇量,帮助学生告别“死记硬背”,从而自信地迎接高考。
三、研究结果
Unit 1
1.eyesight n.视力。
构词法助记:eyesight=eye+sight eye眼睛,sight视野è眼睛能看到的视野=视力【eyebrow n.眉毛; eyelash n.眼睫毛】
课文出处:difficulty with eyesight. (B7U1P1)
权威词典:Eagles have very keen eyesight.(朗文当代高级英语词典)
高考真题:Vitamins C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health. (2014年高考·辽宁卷·七选五)
2.outgoing adj.外向的;友好的;外出的;离开的。
构词法助记:outgoing=out+going out外面,going出去è喜欢出去的,经常出去的【easygoing adj. 悠闲的;逍遥自在的;脾气随和的;不严肃的】
课文出处:Unfortunately, the doctors dont know how to make me better, but I am very outgoing and have learned to adapt to my disability. (B7U1P2)
权威词典:She seems outgoing enough but she keeps things locked inside her.(朗文当代高级英语辞典词典)
高考真题:James is an outgoing young man. (2012年高考·江西卷·阅读理解)
3.software n.软件。
构词法助记:software=soft+ware soft,软的,ware,物件è软件,起源于1960年计算机用语hardware(硬件)【soft-hearted adj. 心肠软的;仁慈的;宽厚的】
课文出处:My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up.(B7U1P2)
权威词典:To run the software, you will need the latest version of Windows.(朗文当代高级英语辞典词典)
高考真题:They promised to develop a software package by the end of this year, whatever difficulty they might have. (2013年高考·上海卷·单选题)
4.△mainstream n.主流;主要倾向。
构词法助记:main主要的,stream流【mainland n. 大陆;本土 adj. 大陆的;本土的】
课文出处:So, instead of cutting out mainstream activities, mentally disabled students can become part of the mainstream. (B7U1P4)
权威词典:After starting out as a romance novelist, she decided to try writing mainstream fiction.(朗文当代高级英语辞典词典)
高考真题:Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. (2014年高考·上海卷·阅读理解)
Unit 2
1.△household adj.家庭的;家用的。
n.一家人;家庭
构词法助记:house 房屋+hold拥有:共同拥有一个房屋的;一家人【housework n.家务活;housemaid n. 女佣,女仆,保姆】
课文出处:Today, there are different kinds of robots, including industrial robots, household robots, and entertainment robots. (B7U2P10)
权威词典:The product was so successful that itsname became a household word. (牛津高阶英汉词典)
高考真题:While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more likecompanions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user. (2015年高考·天津卷·阅读理解)
2.haircut n.发型;理发。
构词法助记:hair 头发+cut剪【hairdresser n.美发师,理发师;hair-drier n.(吹乾头发用的)吹风机;hair-raising adj. 使人毛發悚立的; 吓人的】
课文出处:Tony gave Claire a new haircut and changed the makeup she wore. (B7U2P11)
权威词典:I wish hed get/have a haircut. (剑桥词典)
高考真题:But I wouldnt hesitate to spend ona good haircut. It keeps its shape longer, and its the first thing people notice.(2013年高考·新课标I卷·阅读理解)
3.necklace n.项链。
构词法助记:neck脖子+lace花边,鞋带【necktie n. 领带;neck and neck adj.并驾齐驱地,齐头并进地,势均力敌】
课文出处:Then she went into a jewellery shop to buy a necklace. (B7U2P11)
权威词典:I barely noticed the dress she was wearing; (what caught my eye)was the necklace around her throat.(朗文当代高级英语词典)
高考真题:The necklace was around my neck, a warm reminder of human kindness.(2015年高考·上海卷·语法填空)
Unit 3
1.teamwork n. 协作;配合。
构词法助记:teamwork=team团队+work工作
课文出处:”Whatre they doing?” I asked George. “Well, its teamwork - the killers over there are throwing themselves on top of the whales blow-hole to stop it breathing.(B7U3P20)
权威词典:Success comes from hard work, dedication, teamwork, discipline.(朗文当代高级英语词典)
高考真题:With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task. (2018年高考·北京卷·阅读理解)
2.△meantime adv.其间;同时。
构词法助记:meantime=mean中间的,其间+time时间
课文出处:”In the meantime, Old Tom, and the others are having a good feed on its lips and tongue,” added Red, laughing.(B7U3P20)
权威词典:I didnt see her for another five years, and in the meantime she had got married and had a couple of kids.(朗文当代高级英语词典)
高考真题:Eve was cutting the grass, and meantime, Les was planting roses. (2011年高考·全国卷·单词拼写)
3.seaside n.& adj.海边(的);海滨(的)。
构词法助记:seaside=sea海+side边
课文出处:So we used to visit the seaside on our annual holiday. (B7U3P22)
權威词典:Its famous for royal palaces, wonderful art galleries, stunning architecture and even its seaside.(朗文当代高级英语词典)
高考真题:We have been driving in fog all morning, but the fog is lifting now. The little seaside villages are appearing, one by one. (2013年高考·福建卷·完形填空)
4.flashlight n.闪光信号灯;手电筒;闪光灯。
构词法助记:flashlight=flash闪光+light光
课文出处:It seemed there was a surprise waiting for me around every corner as I explored small caves, shelves and narrow passages with my underwater flashlight. (B7U3P24)
权威词典:He shone a flashlight at the trucks and shouted at them.(朗文当代高级英语词典)
高考真题:He shone the flashlight into the woods and noticed a ladder. (2012年高考·四川卷·完形填空)
四、结语
英语词汇虽然难记,但它本身却有规律可寻。掌握了以上基本的合成词构词规律,学习者就可根据已知去分析理解新词的含义,举一反三,由学一词而忆多词,使词汇学习变得简单、高效,并使迅速扩大词汇量成为可能。对于学生而言掌握了合成词的学习策略可以减轻英语学习的困难,减少学生词汇学习的时间;对于教师可以根据教学实际与学生情况改进学生词汇学习中的不当之处,帮助学生培养正确的词汇学习策略,提高词汇学习的效果,最终改进学习方式,形成自主学生能力,提高学习的有效性。运用以上构词法知识学习词汇不仅能让词汇记忆变得更轻松,更高效,而且能在短时间内帮助学生快速记忆《英语7选修》中的考纲词汇。
参考文献:
[1]聂龙.论词汇教学的重要性外语界[J].2001 (03):57-63.
[2]张颖秋.元认知与大学英语词汇教学[J].外语与外语教学,2005 (06):26-28.