高旸 杨继娥 张峰
摘 要 急性心肌梗死患者接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗植入支架后的微血管栓塞和无复流现象一直是影响患者预后的主要因素之一。延迟支架植入是降低支架植入后微血管阻塞和无复流风险的方法之一,其与强化抗血栓药物治疗相结合,能减轻急性心肌梗死患者的血栓负荷,降低短期血管造影检查事件的发生率。然而,多项随机、对照研究和荟萃分析都未能证实该方法对急性心肌梗死患者的长期死亡率、主要心血管不良事件发生率和其他临床终点有改善作用,因此临床上对延迟支架植入是否有益还存在争议。延迟支架植入的应用也受到新一代药物洗脱支架得到广泛应用的限制,需有更多的临床研究证实延迟支架植入在特殊的急性心肌梗死患者亚群中的安全性和有效性。
关键词 急性心肌梗死 直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 延迟支架植入
中图分类号:R542.22; R654.3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2019)01-0008-04
Deferred stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction: a review of recent studies
GAO Yang*, YANG Jie*, ZHANG Feng**
(Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
ABSTRACT Microvascular obstruction and no-reflow after stent implantation in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention are strong predicting factors of adverse events and unfavorable prognosis, especially when it comes to patients with greater age, longer occlusion or strong thrombus burden. To deal with this situation, some specialists come up with a deferred stent implantation method. Deferred stent implantation with adjunctive antithrombotic therapy is an effective method to alleviate the thrombus burden, partially restore vascular function and reduce the risks of microvascular obstruction, no-reflow phenomena and short-term angiographic events. However, several randomized controlled trials and related meta-analysis indicate that deferred stent implantation did not reduce mortality, major adverse cardiac events or other severe clinical outcome. The advantage of deferred stent implantation is in controversy and its application is limited due to the widespread usage of second-generation drug-eluting stents. More clinical trials are necessary to confirmed the effect and safety of deferred stent implantation on specific subgroup of patients with acute myocardial infarction.
KEy WORDS acute myocardial infarction; primary percutaneous coronary intervention; deferred stent implantation
在急性心肌梗死的直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(primary percutaneous coronary intervention, PPCI)中,成功恢复血流后植入支架已成为常规治疗方法。支架能有效防止术后早期血管的急性闭塞和夹层的发生,增大管腔体积,确保有更理想的血流灌注。然而,急性心肌梗死患者中有相当一部分会在植入支架后发生远端栓塞和微血管阻塞[1],严重的甚至出现无复流现象,导致更大的梗死范围和更高的患者死亡率[2-3]。尽管采用血栓抽吸和远端保护装置能降低远端栓塞的风险,但却没有患者预后改善作用[4-6]。不少研究显示,再灌注治疗后延迟植入支架的临床预后可能优于传统的立即植入支架方法[7-12]。延迟植入支架一般是指先在PPCI时通过球囊扩张和血栓抽吸等手段恢复梗死相關血管的血流灌注,而后间隔一定时间后再次进行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)植入支架的治疗方案。Isaaz等[7]还以此为基础提出了MIMI(minimalist immediate mechanical intervention)技术,即通过采用小尺寸的球囊导管进行扩张以避免斑块破裂和夹层发生的风险,同时结合强化抗血栓药物治疗,包括使用双联抗血小板药物、低分子量肝素和血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb /Ⅲa受体拮抗剂等,降低血栓负荷,将支架植入延迟至血流和局部斑块更稳定的状态下再进行。
然而,尽管有多项研究表明延迟支架植入(deferred stent implantation, DSI)能有效改善支架植入后的梗死血管的血流灌注、减小梗死范围[7-12],但近几年的数项随机、对照试验(randomized controlled trial, RCT)却显示DSI并不能改善包括主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiac events, MACE)在内的“硬”终点事件发生率,甚至可能提高出血风险[13-15]。随着新一代药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stent, DES)得到广泛应用,DSI的益处似已不再明显,而其带来的问题也限制了自身的应用。本文总结有关DSI的临床研究和荟萃分析结果,探讨DSI在目前情况下的优势、存在问题及其适用范围。
1 DSI能减少微血管阻塞和无复流风险
微血管阻塞的发生与血管远端的栓塞、水肿组织的外部挤压、原位血栓形成、血管痉挛和再灌注损伤等有关[1]。严重的微血管阻塞能导致靶血管血流明显减少,甚至无复流。这类急性心肌梗死患者即使造影检查显示其病变血管已达到“心肌梗塞溶栓治疗”(Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction, TIMI)血流分级3级,仍无法获得理想的心肌灌注,导致梗死范围扩大和心室功能下降,死亡率相对更高[16-17]。对接受PPCI的ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI)患者,远端血管栓塞的发生率为5% ~ 10%[18-19]。研究显示,高血栓负荷是微血管阻塞和无复流发生的关键因素之一[20-21],主要原因可能在于支架植入时支架和球囊挤压病变处的血栓和斑块,导致血栓和斑块碎片脱离病变处而阻塞远端的微血管。DSI是降低急性心肌梗死患者血栓负荷的手段之一。当首次PCI打通梗死血管后,强化抗血栓药物治疗能有效降低患者的血栓负荷,从而在支架植入时减少血栓和斑块碎片的产生。在相关研究中,除常规双联抗血小板药物治疗外,PPCI后经静脉用血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb /Ⅲa受体拮抗剂和低分子量肝素的持续使用时间都>12 h[11, 15]。在此期间还可同时给予患者负荷剂量的他汀类药物治疗,能起到稳定斑块,降低由PCI后死亡、心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛和再次血运重建组成的复合终点发生率[22]。
Tang等[9]进行的一项共纳入了87例STEMI患者[立即支架植入(immediate stent implantation, ISI)组47例、DSI组40例]的队列研究显示,在PPCI后到植入支架的7 d内,DSI组患者的血栓评分有明显下降;与ISI组相比,DSI组植入支架后达到TIMI血流分级3级的患者比例更高(分别为97.5%和80.9%, P=0.018),血栓相关的造影检查事件发生率更低,包括远端栓塞发生率(分别为2.5%和19.1%, P=0.018)和无复流发生率(分别为0%和14.9%, P=0.014)。Freixa等[23]对5项非随机研究和1项RCT的荟萃分析也显示,DSI组患者的围术期血管造影检查事件发生率更低,尽管在纳入的唯一1项RCT中DSI和ISI两组的围术期血管造影检查事件发生率没有明显差异。纳入了101例STEMI患者(DSI组52例、ISI组49例)的“DEFER-STEMI”研究结果相似:与ISI组相比,DSI组的PCI后慢血流/无复流(TIMI血流分级0 ~ 2级)发生率明显更低(分别为6%和29%, P=0.006)[11]。Lee等[24]对7项非随机研究和3项RCT的荟萃分析亦得到了类似结果。在“DEFERSTEMI”研究中,PCI后6个月随访的MRI检查结果显示,DSI组患者还表现出有更高的心肌挽救指数,表明他们的梗死范围较小[11]。值得注意的是,在另一项RCT中,支架植入后5 d MRI检查测量的微血管阻塞情况表现出与上述研究结果相反的趋势,DSI组的微血管阻塞发生率相对较高(3.96%, ISI组为1.88%, P=0.051)[13]。
2 DSI能提供更多的治疗选择
在DSI中,PPCI和支架植入之间有一定的间期,此能为医生根据患者状况制定个性化的治疗方案提供宝贵的时间。根据Isaaz等[7]和Meneveau等[10]的研究,约10%的接受DSI治疗的患者最终无需植入支架,这部分患者的心肌梗死可能主要由血栓而非斑块引起,因而DSI能避免不必要的支架植入。对多支血管病变等病情复杂的患者,在初步恢复血流灌注后,医生也有更多的时间来考虑和制定搭桥手术等其他治疗方案。
在PPCI中,如在血栓抽吸和球囊扩张等预处理后立即植入支架,由于残余血栓和局部炎症的影响,造影检查难以准确反映血管直径及其病变长度,常导致植入的支架并不完全适合患者真实的血管病变情况。而经强化抗血栓药物治疗等后,患者的血栓负荷降低,局部急性炎症部分消退,此时再植入支架医生能更准确地选用支架,使支架更好地贴壁,减少支架总长度且增加最终的管腔直径[25]。
3 DSI存在的问题与限制
尽管不少研究都表明DSI能降低短期的远端栓塞和无复流等不良事件发生率,但也有多项RCT和荟萃分析显示DSI并不能明显改善包括MACE发生率在内的一系列临床终点。支持DSI的研究多为非随机研究,且样本量较小,仅有“OPTIMA”研究[12]是RCT。虽然“OPTIMA”研究显示ISI组随访6个月时的主要终点事件(包括死亡、非致命性心肌梗死和再次血運重建)发生率明显高于DSI组(相对危险度=1.5, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.15; P=0.004),但该研究纳入的是非STEMI患者,同时样本量也较小(ISI组73例、DSI组69例患者)。此外,“OPTIMA”研究显示PCI后的心肌梗死发生率很高(ISI组为60%,DSI组为39%),但术后即刻TIMI血流分级<3级的患者却很少(ISI组为5%,DSI组为6%),这可能是根据症状和实验室检查指标值难以明确区分短期内、特别是ISI组中PCI后再次心肌梗死和初始心肌梗死所致[23]。
納入了1 215例STEMI患者的“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究显示,DSI和ISI两组的主要临床终点事件(包括全因死亡、心力衰竭导致的入院、再发心肌梗死和靶血管血运重建)发生率没有明显差异(风险比=0.99, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.29; P=0.92)[14]。“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究是迄今在急性心肌梗死患者中比较DSI和ISI长期临床结果的规模最大、随访时间最长的一项RCT。最近完成的“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究的亚组研究显示,DSI不能减小梗死范围和降低微血管阻塞发生的风险,也不能改善心肌挽救指数[26]。此外,相关荟萃分析也未显示DSI能降低MACE等不良事件发生率[23-24]。
DSI较ISI多进行1次PCI,故由手术器械及其操作带来的相关并发症风险更高,患者的住院时间和费用也增加[27]。此外,在植入支架前由于病变血管缺少支撑、血管弹性回缩而引起再次心肌缺血的风险也升高。
随着新一代药物洗脱支架得到广泛应用以及支架性能得到不断提高,DSI的潜在益处变得越来越不明显,实际应用受到较大的限制。但对某些急性心肌梗死患者亚群,DSI依然具有比较明显的益处。Lee等[24]进行的荟萃分析发现,患者总缺血时间的差异是导致DSI相关研究结果异质性的主要原因:DSI对缺血时间较长者的MACE风险的改善作用更大,主要原因可能是总缺血时间较长者的血栓负荷相对更高、局部炎症和微血管功能紊乱更严重,使得ISI后发生远端栓塞和无复流的风险更大。“DEFER-STEMI”研究[11]纳入了无复流风险较大的患者,而“MIMI”研究[13]则排除了血栓负荷较高、无复流风险大的患者,这可能是导致两项研究结论相反的主要原因之一。
此外,研究显示DSI联用第二代DES没有明显益处,这与联用裸金属支架或第一代DES的情况不同[24]。DSI中延迟的间期也是需要考虑的因素之一。在“DEFERSTEMI”研究中,延迟的间期为4 ~ 16 h;而在“MIMI”和“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究中,延迟的间期为24 ~ 48 h。较短的延迟间期能减少病变血管急性闭塞和出血风险,但抗血栓药物治疗可能不能充分发挥作用,血栓负荷难以得到有效降低[28]。常规使用血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb /Ⅲa受体拮抗剂或能提高血栓溶解的速度和程度,但同时也会增加患者的出血风险。总之,对DSI的适用范围和规范应用还待更多更有针对性的临床研究的探索。
4 结论
DSI是减少ISI相关的无复流现象的方法之一,已有不少研究表明其能改善PCI后造影检查结果和短期造影检查相关的不良事件发生率,但多项RCT和荟萃分析都未显示DSI对患者的长期心血管不良事件发生率和临床预后有改善作用。另外,在新一代DES得到广泛应用的背景下,DSI的实际应用受到了更多的限制。不过,对总缺血时间长、血栓负荷高、在PPCI中通过球囊扩张或血栓抽吸后血流稳定的急性心肌梗死患者,DSI仍有“用武之地”。未来的临床研究应进一步探索DSI在一些特殊的急性心肌梗死患者亚群中的潜在优势。希望能有更多的研究数据来明确DSI的适用指征,为相关争论画上句号。
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