王丽娜, 冯 丹, 胡瀚文, 吴雪彤, 郭大乐, 邓 赟
(成都中医药大学药学院 中药材标准化教育部重点实验室,四川省中药资源系统研究与开发利用重点实验室-省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,四川 成都611137)
地榆来源于蔷薇科植物地榆Sanguisorba officinalis L. 或长叶地榆Sanguisorba officinalis L. var.longifolia(Bert.) Yu et Li 的干燥根。其性微寒,味苦、酸、涩,归肝、大肠经。具有凉血止血、解毒敛疮的功效[1]。地榆属植物在世界范围内约30多种,我国共有7 种主要产自西北、东北、华北、华东、广西及中南等地区,尤以吉林、黑龙江和内蒙的东部分布最为集中,是1 种常用中药[2]。研究发现,地榆中含有丰富的营养物和生理活性成分,主要为鞣质、皂苷和黄酮类,尤以鞣质含有量丰富[3]。前期研究确定地榆70%乙醇提取物经大孔吸附树脂分离的30%甲醇洗脱组分中主要含有酚苷类、皂苷类、木质素类[4],前期的药理研究表明地榆具有很强的升高白细胞作用[5-6],为了进一步阐明其药效物质基础,本实验对地榆根茎进行了系统的化学成分研究,分离鉴定得到13 个化合物,其中,化合物1~10 均为首次从该植物中分离得到。
瑞士奥豪斯DV-215-CD 电子天平(十万分之一,上海顾村电光仪器厂);KQ-600DE 型数控超声波清洗器(40 kHz,600 W,昆山市超声仪器有限公司); Toyopearl HW-40 (日本Tosoh 公司);Diaion HP-20(日本三菱公司);Dubhe C18(250 mm×20 mm,10 μm,江苏汉邦科技有限公司);YMC pack ODS-A(250 mm×10 mm,5 μm,日本YMC 公司);ZF-90 型暗箱式紫外透射仪(上海顾村电光仪器厂);100-A 自动部份收集器(上海沪西分析仪器厂有限公司);Bruker AM-400 型核磁共振仪、 Bruker AM-600 型核磁共振仪 (德国Bruker 公司);Micromass Xevo Triple-quadrupole 型质谱仪(美国Waters 公司);优普UPT 系列超纯水器(成都优普电子产品有限公司); NU3000 Serials UV/VIS 检 测 器、 NP 7000 Serials 泵(Hanbon Sci&Tech.)。试剂均为分析纯(成都科龙化工试剂厂)。
植物样品由成都地奥集团天府药业股份有限公司提供,经成都中医药大学药学院中药鉴定教研室龙飞副教授鉴定为蔷薇科地榆属多年生草本植物地榆Sanguisorba officinalis L.。标本(20150920) 存放于成都中医药大学药学院中药化学实验室。
地榆干燥切片10 kg,粉碎,经33 倍量70%乙醇渗漉提取,旋转蒸干得浸膏(3.8 kg),加水混悬后依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、水饱和正丁醇萃取,将正丁醇层浓缩后,进一步用D101 大孔树脂初步分离,乙醇-水(0、30%、50%、70%、95%)梯度洗脱,得30%乙醇洗脱部分(1.4 kg),再将该部分经Diaion HP-20 大孔树脂柱, 以乙醇-水(0 ∶100、50 ∶50、60 ∶40、70 ∶30、80 ∶20、90 ∶10、100 ∶0) 梯度洗脱,将20%乙醇洗脱部分(120.0 g) 经透析袋,MCI 柱、Sephadex LH-20、制备色谱、半制备色谱得化合物1 ~10。合并Diaion HP-20 大孔树脂柱30%~50%乙醇洗脱部分(82.0 g),将该部分经Toyopearl HW-40 柱、制备色谱、半制备色谱得化合物11~13。
化合物1:白色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:429[MH]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,CD3OD)δ:7.18(2H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-3,5),7.15(2H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-4,6),6.01(1H,ddt,J=16.8,10.1,6.6 Hz,H-8),5.14-5.03(2H,m,H-2),4.97(1H,d,J=2.5 Hz,H-1″),4.37(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-1′),4.17(1H,dt,J=11.7,5.9 Hz,H-6′b),3.90(1H,d,J=9.7 Hz,H-5″b),3.70(1H,d,J=2.5 Hz,H-2″),3.66 (1H,d,J=9.7 Hz,H-5″a),3.58-3.56(1H,m,H-6′a),3.56(1H,m,H-1″),3.56(1H,m,H-5′),3.50(1H,m,H-2′),3.50(1H,m,H-3′),3.40(1H,m,H-4′),3.34(2H,m,H-7); 13C-NMR(100 MHz,CD3OD) δ:40.3(C-7),66.6(C-5″),69.3(C-6′),69.4(C-4′),71.5(C-2′),72.4(C-5″),74.1(C-5′),74.9(C-3′),77.2(C-2″),77.8(C-3″),102.3(C-1′),104.8(C-1″),115.7 (C-9),117.8 (C-2, 6),130.6(C-3, 5),135.3 (C-4),139.2 (C-8),157.3(C-1)。以上数据与文献 [7] 基本一致,故鉴定为4-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl-1-O-apiosyl-(1-6) -β-D-glucopyranoside。
化合物2:黄色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:497[MH]-。1H-NMR(600 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:6.95(2H,s,H-2,6,2″,6″),4.43(1H,m,J=11.7,1.7 Hz,H-1′),4.21(1H,m,J=11.7,H-2′),4.09(1H,t,H-3′),3.45(1H,m,5′-H),3.22(2H,m,6′-H),3.17(3H,s,1′-OCH3),3.00(1H,m,4′-H);13C-NMR(150 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:55.9(1′-OCH3),63.5(C-6′),69.9(C-3′),73.3(C-4′),73.7(C-5′),76.4(C-2′),99.5(C-1′),103.9(C-2′),108.6 (C-2, 6, 2″, 6″),119.2 (C-1,1″),138.4(C-4,4″),145.6(C-3,5,3″,5″),165.7(C-7,7″)。以上数据与文献[8] 基本一致,故鉴定为2,3-digalloyl-O-methylglucose。
化合物3:白色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:313[MH]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.32(2H,d,J=8.4,H-3,5),6.80(2H,d,J=8.4,H-2,6),6.14(1H,d,H-1′),3.66(1H,m,-OCH3),3.56(1H,m,H-5′),3.51~3.40(2H,m,H-6′),3.27~3.22(1H,m,H-2′),3.21 ~3.17(1H,m,H-3′),3.13(1H,m,H-4′); 13C-NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:51.4(-COOCH3),60.6(C-6′),69.5(C-4′),73.0(C-3′),76.3(C-2′),77.1(C-5′),100.2(C-1′),115.2 (C-2, 6),122.3 (C-4),128.4 (C-3, 5), 162.8 (C-1), 169.6 (-COOCH3)。以上数据与文献[9] 基本一致,故鉴定为methyl benzoate-4-β-D-glucopyranoside。
化合物4:黄色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:567[MH]-。1H-NMR(600 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.90(1H,d,J=8.9 Hz,H-6′),7.05(2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-2,6),6.66(2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-3,5),6.63(1H,d,J=8.9 Hz,H-5′),6.54(1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-3′),4.94(1H,d,H-1‴),4.16(1H,d,H-1″),3.92(1H,d,H-2‴),3.65(1H,d,H-3″),3.59(2H,m,H-6″),3.56(1H,d,H-5″),3.53(2H,t,H-8),3.39-3.35(1H,m,H-4″),3.33(1H,m,H-3‴),3.28(1H,m,H-4‴),3.19(2H,t,H-7′),3.19(1H,d,H-2″),2.82(2H,t,H-7),1.24(3H,s,H-6‴); 13C-NMR(150 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:14.9(C-6‴),29.2(C-7),35.9(C-7′),41.5(C-8),65.11(C-6″),67.6(C-5‴),68.0(C-4″),69.9(C-2″),72.8(C-3″),73.3(C-3‴),76.0(C-2‴),76.6(C-4‴),103.5(C-1‴),108.4(C-3′),115.3(C-3,5),120.8(C-5′),121.8(C-1′),129.5(C-2,6),131.2(C-6′),133.1(C-1),145.2(C-4′),155.8(C-4),157.2(C-2′),163.4(C-9)。以上数据与文献[10] 基本一致,故鉴定为1-popanone,1-[4-[[2-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl) -β-D-galactopyranosyl]oxy] -2-hydroxyphenyl] -3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)。
化合物5:白色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:345[MH]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ:6.68(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-5),6.63(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-6),6.60(1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-2),6.49(1H,d,J=6.5 Hz,H-2′),6.09(1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-5′),4.10(1H,d,H-7),3.70(3H,s,3-OCH3),3.69(3H,s,4′-OCH3),3.49(2H,m,H-9),2.68(2H,m,H-7′),2.14(1H,m,H-8),1.81(1H,m,H-8′),1.63(3H,d,J=10.8 Hz,H-9′);13C-NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ:17.6(C-9),32.2(C-7′),38.1(C-8),45.9(C-7),48.5(C-8′),55.5(3-OCH3),55.6(4′-OCH3),63.4(C-9′),111.8(C-2),113.2(C-5),115.2(C-5′),116.2(C-2′),127.1(C-6),132.6(C-6′),137.1(C-1′),139.6(C-1),144.1(C-4),144.6(C-3′),145.5(C-3),147.3(C-4′)。以上数据与文献[11] 基 本 一 致, 故 鉴 定 为 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-3-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol。
化合物6:白色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:705[MH]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ:7.72(4H,d,J=8.7 Hz,H-2″,6″,2‴,6‴),7.34(4H,d,J=8.7 Hz,H-3″,5″,3‴,5‴),6.80(1H,m,J=8.8 Hz,H-2),6.72(1H,s,H-8′),6.66(1H,s,H-8),5.56(1H,d,H-6),5.56-5.43(1H,d,H-3,2′),5.07(1H,d,H-1″″),3.67(1H,d,H-2″″),3.51-3.39(1H,d,H-5″″,6″″),3.37(1H,d,H-3″″),3.32-3.26(1H,d,H-4″″),3.27-3.18(2H,m,H-3′);13C-NMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:43.5(C-3′),43.5(C-3),60.9(C-6″″),61.0(C-4″″),69.9(C-3″″),73.4(C-5″″),76.7(C-2″″),77.4(C-2′),79.6(C-2),100.0(C-8),100.2(C-6),103.9(C-1″″),103.9(C-10),111.3(C-8′),115.5(C-10′),115.7(C-5‴),115.7(C-3‴),115.7(C-5″),115.7(C-3″),128.3(C-2‴,6‴),128.7(C-2″,6″),128.8(C-7′),129.5(C-1‴,1″),129.5(C-6′),152.4(C-9′),158.0(C-4″,4‴),163.3(C-5′),163.3(C-5),163.8(C-9),163.9(C-7),190.9(C-1)。以上数据与文献[12] 基本一致,故鉴定为2R,3S,2″R,3,8″-binaringenin-7″-O-β-glucoside。
化合物7:白色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:361[MH]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,CD3OD)δ:7.25(2H,s,H-3,5),4.89(1H,d,H-1′,J=7.9 Hz),3.94(3H,s,H-7),3.86(1H,dd,J=12.0,2.0 Hz,H-6′a),3.79(1H,dd,J=12.0,4.4 Hz,H-6′b),3.58(1H,t,J=16.0,8.0 Hz,H-2′),3.52(2H,t,J=8.0 Hz,H-3′,4′),3.36 ~3.31(1H,m,H-5′); 13C-NMR(100 MHz,CD3OD)δ:53.0(C-7),57.1(C-8),62.4(C-6′),71.2(C-5′),75.7(C-4′),77.9(C-3′),78.7(C-2′),106.4(C-1′),112.5(C-3,5),128.1(C-1),139.4(C-3,5),152.2(C-2,6),154.5(C-4),168.5(C-9)。以上数据与文献[13] 基本一致,故鉴定为glucosyringic acid。
化合物8:白色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:429[MH]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,CD3OD)δ:7.48(2H,d,J=7.3 Hz,H-2,6),7.37(2H,t,J=7.5 Hz,H-3,5),7.28(1H,t,J=7.3 Hz,H-4),6.76(1H,d,J=16.0 Hz,H-7),6.43(1H,d,J=16.0 Hz,H-8),5.06(1H,d,H-1″),5.06(1H,d,H-1′),4.57(1H,m,H-5′),4.44(1H,d,H-4″),4.38(1H,d,H-9a),4.11(1H,d,H-9b),4.05(1H,m,H-2′),3.96-3.88(2H,m,H-5″),3.86(1H,m,H-3″),3.80(2H,d,H-6′),3.71(1H,m,H-3′),3.52(1H,m,H-4′),3.34-3.25(1H,m,H-2″); 13C-NMR(100 MHz,CD3OD)δ:64.0(C-5″),69.1(C-6′),71.9(C-9),73.0(C-4′),76.1(C-3″),77.8 (C-3′),79.1 (C-5′),80.0 (C-2′),84.2(C-4″),87.0(C-2″),104.5(C-1′),111.0(C-1″),127.6(C-2,6),128.6(C-3,5),129.7(C-4),130.6(C-7),135.0(C-8),139.3(C-1)。以上数据与文献[14]基本一致,故鉴定为rosarin。
化合物9:无定形粉末,ESI-MS m/z:505[MH]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,CD3OD)δ:5.86(1H,s,H-4),5.01(2H,d,J=14.8 Hz,H-1″),4.37(2H,d,H-1′),4.06(1H,d,J=1.9 Hz,H-6′),3.94(2H,m,H-4′,2′),3.83 (1H,m,H-9),3.79(1H,m,H-3″),3.70(2H,m,H-5″),3.63(1H,m,H-5′),3.32(1H,m,H-3′),3.24(1H,m,H-4′),3.18(1H,m,H-2′),2.10(3H,d,J=8.0 Hz,H-13),l.93(1H,m,H-7),l.50(1H,m,H-7),l.23(3H,d,H-10),1.14(3H,s,H-11),1.06(3H,s,H-12);13C-NMR(100 MHz,CD3OD)δ:20.1(C-10),25.0(C-13),26.9(C-7),27.6(C-12),29.1(C-11),37.3(C-1),37.7(C-8),48.1(C-2),52.4(C-6),63.1(C-5″),68.2(C-6′),72.1(C-4′),75.1(C-9),75.9(C-2′),76.7(C-5′),78.0(C-3′),78.9(C-3″),83.1(C-2″),86.0(C-4″),102.3(C-1′),110.0(C-1″),125.3(C-4),170.4(C-5),202.6(C-3)。以上数据与文献[15]基本一致,故鉴定为leeaoside。
化合物10: 无定形粉末, ESI-MS m/z:523[M-H]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ:6.68(1H,d,J=8.0 Hz,H-5′),6.64(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2′),6.61(1H,s,H-5),6.51(1H,d,J=8.0 Hz,H-6′),6.11(1H,s,H-2),3.95(1H,d,J=7.7 Hz,H-1″),3.75(1H,d,H-7′),3.70(3H,s,4-OCH3),3.71(3H,s,3′-OCH3),3.69~3.68(1H,m,H-9b),3.59(1H,m,H-9a),3.53(2H,m,H-9′),3.49-3.45(2H,m,H-6″),3.10(2H,m,H-3″,4″),2.94(2H,m,H-2″,5″),1.83(1H,m,H-8),1.83(1H,m,H-8′); 13CNMR(100 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:32.2(C-7),38.8(C-8′), 43.6 (C-8), 46.2 (C-7′), 55.5 (3′-OCH3),55.7(4-OCH3),60.8(C-9′),63.3(C-6″),68.7(C-9),69.9(C-4″),73.5(C-2″),76.8(C-3″,5″),102.8(C-1″),111.8(C-2′),113.3(C-5),115.3(C-5′),116.3(C-2),121.6(C-6′),127.3(C-6),132.2(C-1),136.9(C-1′),144.1(C-4′),144.7(C-3),145.6(C-4),147.3(C-3′)。以上数据与文献[16] 基本一致,故鉴定为(+) -isolariciresinol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside。
化合物11:白色针状结晶(CH3OH),mp 256~260 ℃,ESI-MS m/z:667[M-H]-。1H-NMR(400 MHz,CD3OD)δ:1.51(2H,m,H-1),1.26(3H,s,H-29),1.16(3H,s,H-30),1.06(3H,s,H-27),1.25(2H,m,H-15),1.31(3H,s,H-26),1.92(2H,m,H-11),1.43(1H,m,H-9),1.16(6H,s,H-25,30),1.61(2H,m,H-16),1.68(1H,m,H-20),1.40(4H,m,H-6,21),1.75(2H,m,H-22),3.25(1H,m,H-2),3.23(1H,d,H-3),3.45(2H,m,H-23),1.36(2H,m,H-7),1.39(1H,m,H-5),5.21(1H,m,H-12),5.06(1H,d,H-1′),4.57(1H,m,H-5′),4.05(1H,m,H-2′),3.96-3.80(2H,d,H-6′),3.71(1H,m,H-3′),3.52(1H,m,H-4′); 13C-NMR(100 MHz,CD3OD) δ:13.7(C-24),16.4(C-30),17.3(C-25),17.4(C-26),17.6(C-6),24.5(C-11),24.6(C-27),26.3(C-16),26.9(C-21),27.0(C-29),29.2(C-15),29.4(C-7),35.7(C-1),38.1(C-22),38.8(C-10),40.7(C-8),42.5(C-14),42.6(C-20),43.9(C-4),46.9(C-5),47.6(C-9),47.8(C-17),54.7(C-18),62.2(C-6′),66.3(C-2),69.5(C-23),70.9(C-4′),73.4(C-19),73.7(C-2′),78.4(C-5′),78.5(C-3),82.2(C-3′),95.6(C-1′),124.6(C-12),144.1(C-13),178.2(C-28)。以上数据与文献[17] 基本一致,故鉴定为niga-ichigoside Fl。
化合物12: 白色针状结晶 (CH3OH-H2O),mp 230 ~320 ℃,ESI-MS m/z:767[M-H]-。1HNMR(400 MHz,CD3OD)δ:1.36(2H,m,H-1),1.57(2H,m,H-2),2.77(1H,m,H-3),1.39(1H,t,H-5),1.40(2H,m,H-6,21),1.31(2H,m,H-7),1.43(1H,t,H-9),1.16(12H,s,H-24,25,26, 27),1.92 (2H,m,H-11),5.29(1H,t,H-12),1.25(2H,m,H-15),1.60(2H,t,H-16),2.81(1H,s,H-18),1.68(1H,m,H-20),1.75(2H,m,H-22),1.26(3H,s,H-23),1.31(3H,s,H-29),1.06(3H,s,H-30),5.06(1H,d,H-1″),4.57(1H,m,H-5″),4.05(1H,m,H-2″),3.96~3.80(2H,d,H-6″),3.71(1H,m,H-3″),3.52(1H,m,H-4″),5.03(1H,d,H-1′),3.96-3.80(2H,d,H-2′,5′),3.52(1H,m,H-3′),3.52(1H,m,H-4′); 13C-NMR(100 MHz,CD3OD) δ:14.7(C-30),15.8(C-25),16.0(C-24),17.4(C-26),22.8(C-6),23.4(C-27),24.7(C-11),25.2(C-23),25.4(C-16),26.0(C-2),27.2(C-21),27.6(C-29),27.6(C-15),32.1(C-22),35.8(C-7),36.2(C-10),37.8(C-1),38.3(C-4),40.6(C-8),40.8(C-14),46.3(C-20),46.9(C-9),52.8(C-17),54.6(C-5),60.2(C-18),64.6(C-6″),67.2(C-4′),69.1 (C-5′),70.6 (C-5″),71.2 (C-3′),71.8(C-2′),72.3(C-19),76.3(C-4″),77.1(C-2″),87.4 (C-3″), 93.6 (C-3), 99.1 (C-1″),105.3(C-1′), 126.6 (C-11), 137.9 (C-13),175.3(C-28)。以上数据与文献[17] 基本一致,故鉴定为ziyu-glycosideⅠ。
化合物13:白色粉末,ESI-MS m/z:767[MH]-。1H-NMR(600 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:5.24(1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,glc-H1),5.23(1H,brs,H-12),4.45(1H,d,J=7.0 Hz,ara-H1),3.11(1H,brs,H-19),3.01(1H,dd,J=11.5,3.9 Hz,H-3),2.91(1H,brs,H-18),1.23(3H,s,27-CH3),0.97(3H,s,23-CH3),0.87(3H×2,s,26-CH3and 29-CH3),0.85(3H,s,30-CH3),0.76(3H,s,24-CH3), 0.65 (3H, s, CH3-25); 13C-NMR(150 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:38.0(C-1),25.6(C-2),87.7(C-3),38.8(C-4),55.1(C-5),17.9(C-6),32.3(C-7),40.2(C-8),47.3(C-9),36.4(C-10),23.2(C-11),122.3(C-12),143.2(C-13),41.1(C-14),28.3(C-15),27.0(C-16),45.2(C-17),43.2(C-18),80.0(C-19),34.8(C-20),27.8(C-21),31.8(C-22),27.6(C-23),16.4(C-24),15.1(C-25),16.6(C-26),24.5(C-27),175.8(C-28),28.0(C-29),24.0(C-30),94.1(glc-C1),72.4(glc-C2),76.7(glc-C3),69.5(glc-C4),77.7(glc-C5),60.6(glc-C6),105.8[ara(p) -C1],71.0[ara(p) -C2],72.7[ara (p) -C3],67.6(ara-C4),65.1(ara-C4)。以上数据与文献[18] 基本一致,故鉴定为为3β-[(α-L-arabinopyranosyl) oxy] -19α-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-β-D-glucopyranoside。
本实验采用透析袋除去多糖、蛋白等大分子物质并结合MCI、Sephadex LH-20、制备色谱、半制备色谱等色谱方法分离纯化得到13 个化合物,其中化合物1~10 首次从地榆中分离得到,此方法快速简便且比较经济实用;近年来,随着国内外对地榆化学成分研究的不断深入,其药理活性受到了各国研究者的关注。本课题组对地榆根中大极性化学成分进行研究,以期为中药现代化提供理论依据,利于对地榆资源的开发利用。