支架式理论在写作教学中的运用

孙琳　俞晓冬

【内容简介】

教材中本单元阅读文本是一篇描写地点的记叙文，记叙了作者最喜欢的地方The Greenwood Park，在记叙中作者通过人物、地点、时间等描写，使文章丰富、饱满，又通过添加细节描写，使文章更加生动。本课采取以读促写的策略，引导学生尝试运用写作技巧，在教师的引领下，通过词汇与句型的输入，配合绘制写作思维导图，完成一篇记叙文。

【学情分析】

所教学生基础一般，能用简单的词汇描述自己所喜欢的地方，但如何让他们运用恰当的词汇和句型去描述他们所喜欢的地方，并进行细节描写，使所写句子和文章内容更加丰富、形象、生动，则需要大量的写前输入。

【教学目标】

1.写作前的准备

（1）词汇和句子的输入;

（2）词汇和句子的练习;

（3）口头段落的输出;

（4）段落的输入（内容分析）;

（5）利用思维导图进行段落框架的分析。

2.写作中

（1）利用思维导图搭建写作的基本框架;

（2）根据导图和写作要求写出初稿（作业）。

【教学重点】

通过写作前的支架搭建，如词汇、短语等，形成有效的输出，即从词到句，从句到篇，循序渐进地训练层次和顺序。

【学习难点】

1.学生学会循序渐进的写作方法。

2.学生学会画写作的思维导图。

【设计思路】

本课的设计思路是阅读和分析教材所给文章→学习写作技巧→教师带领学生一起练习写作技巧→教师带领学生学会画思维导图→学生画自己写作的思维导图→学生独立进行写作，修改习作。

首先，学生阅读教材所给文章 The Greenwood Park感知写作技巧。通过阅读教材文章，分析文章结构，包括概括文章大意，分析段落结构，学会叙事过程，即文章可以分为三部分，开头——中间——结尾。

其次，学生练习写作技巧。即通过画思维导图，学会添加句子细节。先让学生进行小组讨论，对该短文细节进行分析，如时间、地点、人物、起因、结果等。然后以思维导图的形式概括整个短文内容。

最后，学生独立进行写作。教师引导学生通过画自己喜欢地方的思维导图，添加细节，从而达到从构建阅读支架，输入有效写作技巧，到流畅且有效地输出自己的文章。

【教学过程】

Step 1：Lead in

T say hello to them and introduce herself. The last question is “Do you like Harbin？”（自由对话部分提问三个学生，最后一个问题内容引入新课。）

设计意图：导入部分简洁，直接切入话题不浪费时间。

Step 2：Pre-writing

Vocabulary & sentences input

T：It has many beautiful and famous streets. Lets look at them. Its the Central Street， the Gogol Street and Jingyu Street. （Together with the students. ）

T：Are they famous / noisy / beautiful / crowded / popular / wonderful/ attractive？

S：Yes. They are famous/noisy/beautiful/crowded/popular/ wonderful / attractive.

设计意图：写作前输入与搭建的词汇、句型，激活了学生的背景知识，为收集写作信息，理清写作思路做好充分的准备，从谈论自己熟悉的街道开始词汇的输入（adj.）。

T： Do they have many stores？

S： Yes. They have many stores.

T： What else do they have？

S： They have famous buildings / supermarkets /cinemas/ restaurants/ coffee shops/ bookstores/ shopping centers.

T：What can we do there？ I can see films there. What about you？

S： I can take a walk/go shopping/ drink coffee/ have dinner/ see films/ take photos/ read books/ learn history and culture/ meet friends/ have fun/see creative street performers/enjoy my time.

T： There is something for everyone there.

設计意图：句型输入。（1）It has...（n.名词输入）。（2）I can do...there.（v.动词及动词短语的输入）。为后续的写作输入可支撑的句型和丰富的内容细节。

vocabulary & sentences practice

T： Of all the three streets， I like Jingyu Street best because it has the most famous buildings. I can learn history and culture about Harbin. Which street do you think is the best to go？ Why do you like it？ What can you do there？ Write it down on your paper.

Ss write on the Students page：     is the best place to go in Harbin because it is the I can there.

T walks around the classroom to check whether they have problems or difficulties in completing the tasks.

T： Does anyone like to show the writing？ OK， good. Can you read it？

S reads by him or herself： The Central street is the best place to go in Harbin because it is the most famous. It has many stores， restaurants， European style buildings and books stores. I can enjoy my time there.

T： Good！ Your handwriting needs improvement. Next time write carefully and neatly， OK？ En，no spelling mistakes， capital letter and right punctuation， good. No grammar mistakes. Good writing.

T： Well， I see you have done a very good job. Lets work in pairs to tell your partner which place is the best to go to ， why you like it and what you can do there.

Ss work in pairs to practice orally.

T： Take turns to tell me， OK？

Ss stand up and read in public. After one finishes， the teacher can ask Ss some questions to check their attention：

（1）Whats her/his favorite place to go to？

（2）Why does he / she like it？

（3）What can she/he do there？

Passage input

T： We like our hometown best. Lets see what place the writer in our textbook thinks is the best to go. Book open and look at 3a . We have several tasks for you to complete.

PPT上呈现任务：

Task I：

（1）Read the words in the box together or one by one.

（2）Read the article. Fill in the blanks with the correct superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs in the box.

Give Ss some time to finish and check the answer. Ss take turn to read one sentence by one sentence.

Task II：

Please work in groups to finish the tasks on the students page quickly and surely.

（1）Whats the best title？

（2）Underline the topic sentence. （beginning part.）

（3）Underline the conclusive sentence. （ending part.）

（4）Why does the write like it best？

Ss work in groups and finish the tasks

學生卷上的第4小题有图提示，学生根据短文及简笔画的提示写出答案。

T： Have you finished？ Lets see how the writer expresses himself.

Ss take turns to answer the questions. T will ask more students to volunteer the answers if time permits.

Structure analysis

T： How does the writer like it so much？ Lets draw a mind-map to have a close look at Greenwood park.

學生页上有导图的基本框架，学生根据书上的短文完成导图。

T： Excellent work！ Lets check what you do with your mind map.

T： What is the best place to go to on weekends？

S： Greenwood Park.

T： Whats the first reason why the writer goes to Greenwood Park？

S： She wants to meet her friends.

T： Why does she always finish her breakfast fastest on Saturday？

S： Because she wants to get to the Greenwood Park before 10：00a.m.

T： Whats the second reason why the writer goes to Greenwood Park？

S： She wants to see the street performers.

T： How is the park on weekends because almost everyone goes there to see the street performers.

S： The park is the most crowded place on weekends.

T： What does the writer think of the street performers？

S： She thinks they are the most creative people.

T：Whats the last reason why the writer goes to Greenwood Park？

S： She can enjoy her time most quietly.

T： Whats the place where she can enjoy her time most quietly？

S： The place where she can enjoy her time most quietly is at one of the small coffee shops near the park.

T： What can she do there？

S： She can read or relax there.

T： So the writer thinks there is something for everyone at Greenwood Park. Thats to say it is the best place to on weekends.

T： Now its your time to correct your mistakes on the mind map.

设计意图：设计有逻辑关系的段落，要把之前输入的内容进行有效的整合，让学生组句成段，有一个完整的输出过程的训练。本环节是写作的输出练习，不适合小组活动，必须由学生个体独立完成。同时教师在让学生展示的过程中，要及时纠正单词拼写、语法、大小写及标点的错误，帮助学生明确作文修改中的关键点。

Step 3：While-writing

Mind map drawing for getting ready for students own writing

The writer likes Greenwood Park best. Do you want to introduce your favorite streets in Harbin to her？ Are you interested in it？ First， lets draw another mind map by yourselves.

Everyone works hard. Good job. I work hard， too. See my mind map.

Jingyu Street is the best street in Harbin because it is the oldest street and has the longest history. I can learn history and culture of Harbin there. I always have dinner with my friends， and buy some small gifts to enjoy my time. I feel really relaxed.