刘高 傅点 程文
[摘要] 目的 探讨肾盂、肾实质及肾包膜全层连续锁边缝合法在肾肿瘤肾部分切除术后创面缝合中的效果。 方法 选择4只健康雄性中华田园犬,麻醉成功后按人类开放性肾部分切除术程序进行操作,对创面的肾盂黏膜、黏膜下层、肌层及肾膜层间行连续锁边缝合。观察手术时间、术中出血量、动脉阻断时间、术后恢复活动时间、围术期并发症发生情况。 结果 肾动脉阻断手术时间、局部阻断手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间、局部阻断时间分别为(39.00±2.16)、(37.50±4.30)、(10.25±2.50)、(8.45±1.81) min,肾动脉阻断肾部分切除及缝合术中出血量为(54.50±4.21) mL、局部阻断肾部分切除及缝合术中出血量为(57.50±9.58) mL。麻醉苏醒即可原地活动。次日予以进食,1周后恢复如常。 结论 本术式手术时间短、出血量少、恢复快,术后未出现大出血与漏尿等严重并发症,有效地预防与制止肾部分切除术后常见两大并发症,为其临床应用奠定了基础。
[关键词] 肾部分切除术;肾肿瘤;锁边缝合法;阻断
[中图分类号] R687.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)11(b)-0009-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of continuous suture of renal pelvis, renal parenchyma and renal capsule on wound suture after removal of renal tumor. Methods Four healthy male Chinese rural dogs were selected. After successful anesthesia, the operation was performed according to the human open kidney partial resection procedure. The sutures of the renal pelvis mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer and renal layer were sutured continuously. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, arterial block time, postoperative recovery time, and perioperative complications were observed. Results The operation time of renal artery occlusion, local occlusion time, renal artery occlusion time and local occlusion time were (39.00±2.16), (37.50±4.30), (10.25±2.50), (8.45±1.81) min, respectively. The amount of bleeding in the renal artery block partial nephrectomy and suture was (54.50±4.21) mL, and the amount of hemorrhage during local partial nephrectomy and suturing was (57.50±9.58) mL. After the anesthesia waken up, they could move in place. The next day, they were given food and returned to normal after a week. Conclusion The operation time is short, the amount of bleeding is small, the recovery is fast, and there are no serious complications such as major bleeding and urinary leakage after operation. It effectively prevents and eliminates two common complications after partial nephrectomy, which lays a foundation for its clinical application.
[Key words] Partial nephrectomy; Renal tumors; Lockstitch method; Block
目前,通常对直径≤4 cm的小型局限性肾癌行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术或肿瘤剜除术。其无瘤生存率和局部复发率与根治性肾切术相似[1]。涉及肾盂的肾部分切除术常出现围术期大出血和严重漏尿等并发症。因此,本研究试行肾部分切除术,凡涉及肾盂的创面均行全层连续锁边缝合法关闭,以评价该术法的效果。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验动物
选取4只雄性健康中华田园犬[南京军区南京总医院比较医学科提供,实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(军)2012-0014],平均体重23.05 kg,饲养温度14~23℃,湿度30%~40%,日常光照0.5~2.0 h,符合SPF级要求。本研究经南京军区南京总医院实验动物伦理委员会批准。
1.2 主要仪器及試剂
人肾部分切除术医用器械、液体与输液设备。麻醉药物:①速眠新Ⅱ注射液(846合剂)(吉林省敦化市圣达动物药品有限公司,生产指号:07003),是静松灵、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、盐酸二氢埃托啡和氟哌啶醇的复方合剂;②丙泊酚注射液(Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh),含双异丙酚10 mg/mL。
1.3 手术方法
给肾部分切除术(open partial nephrectomy,OPN)实验犬上口罩。肌注速眠新注射液,耳静脉滴注丙泊酚注射液(2 mL)维持。取平卧位,垫高腰部,于12肋下理毛、消毒、腹部正中线切口,逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织、肌层和腹膜。确定肾脏位置,钝性分离肾周围连接组织,游离肾脏,确立包括肾盂的切割带与肾切除范围,然后如人类肾部分切除术方法,阻断肾动脉或局部压迫性阻断,并计时,行肾部分切除,移弃切除部分,采用3-0可吸收线行肾盂黏膜、黏膜下组织、肌层及浆膜全层(进针由内向外连续锁边缝合),边缝合边带紧锁边线(助手协助),以达严密锁边止血的目的。松解肾动脉或局部压迫,并记录肾动脉阻断和局部压迫阻断时间。此时,一般可见少量渗血。用2-0可吸收线“8”字缝合以逐步关闭肾盂及其余切除部位的肾创面。观察缝合面3~5 min,如有出血,用2-0线行间断行“8”字缝合,直到无活动性出血为度。留置腹腔引流管1根,逐层关闭切口。肾动脉阻断行肾部分切除,肾盂黏膜、黏膜下组织、肌层及浆膜全层连续锁边缝合手术见图1A~F,局部阻断行肾部分切除,肾盂黏膜、黏膜下组织、肌层及浆膜全层连续锁边缝合手术见图2A~E)。
1.4 观察指标及随访
观察指标有手术时间、术中出血量、动脉阻断时间、术后恢复活动时间、围术期并发症。1个月后,行对侧肾部分切除术。
2 结果
4只雄性中华田园犬平均体重(23.05±1.87)kg,肾动脉阻断手术时间、局部阻断手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间、局部阻断时间分别为(39.00±2.16)、(37.50±4.30)、(10.25±2.50)、(8.45±1.81) min,肾动脉阻断肾部分切除及缝合术中出血量為(54.50±4.21)mL、局部阻断肾部分切除及缝合术中出血量为(57.50±9.58)mL。麻醉复苏后,即可原地活动;次日,予以进食,1周后恢复如常。术后观察1个月,行对侧肾部分切除术,均未出现漏尿和大出血,且状态良好。
3 讨论
肾细胞癌是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,占全身恶性肿瘤的2%~3%,占肾脏恶性肿瘤的85%,而且其发病率尚有逐渐上升的趋势[2-4]。保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的安全性和有效性已被肯定,是T1a期患者的主要推荐治疗方式[5-6]。肾部分切除术或肾肿瘤剜除术可用于T1b、T2期肾肿瘤的治疗[7-11]。对较小肾癌(<4 cm)行保留肾单位手术[12-14],其手术效果、预后均与根治术效果相当,能保持较低的肿瘤复发率,而且其并发症发生率也与根治性手术基本相同[15-17]。随着B超、CT及MRI技术的日益完善,小肾癌[18-20]在临床的检出愈来愈多。由于无法预测切除病肾后对侧肾脏的病变及其功能的代偿程度,特别是孤立肾和双肾的患者,局限性肾肿瘤保留肾单位手术已成为治疗早期肾癌的最佳选择。
腹腔镜下行肾部分切除术及开放性肾部分切除术的常见并发症均为术后大出血与术后严重漏尿,尤其是手术中涉及肾盂的肿瘤患者。进一步探索、完善该项技术的操作程序,不断提高其手术质量,具有十分重要的意义。肾部分切除术未损及肾盂时,采用“8”字缝合或倒刺线连续缝合,大多能止血,且能避免尿漏的发生。对于损及肾盂的切口,其切口处多是较大的血管,且靠近肾蒂,出血凶猛,该方法往往无法止住靠近肾盂的血管出血,有时缝合后未出现出血,但靠近肾盂的血管破裂后未能很好地缝合止血,术后会向肾盂内出血,而且缝合后较难再处理,只可重新阻断肾动脉,再次处理靠近肾盂的深部血管。这将造成肾脏的再次热缺血损伤。本研究的肾盂、肾实质及肾包膜全层连续锁边缝合法能很好地解决该难题。本研究发现,一次性锁边缝合后,松开肾动脉阻断夹或手阻断,创面出血大大减少,部分可见少许点片状渗血,此时可在渗血处加针“8”字缝合;其后,在不阻断肾动脉或手阻断的情况下“8”字缝合或连续缝合关闭肾盂(以防向肾盂内出血);最后,连续或者“8”字缝合关闭切口。本研究选取4只雄性健康中华田园犬,共行8次涉及肾盂肾部分切除术,着力观察其术后漏尿与肾出血的发生情况。8次肾部分切除术后1~2个月均未发生漏尿与肾出血,恢复良好。提示该方法安全与可靠,值得推广。该术式技术要求不高,手术过程简单,有一定手术基础的泌尿外科医生均能完成,适用于县级基层单位临床。
肾出血和漏尿是涉及肾盂的肾肿瘤切除手术最常见且严重的并发症。通常肾集合系统被切开,以2-0可吸收线全层缝合(“8”字缝合)肾脏创面,可能会导致肾盂创面较深处的断裂血管的漏扎,出现向肾盂出血的情况,并发严重的大出血。此外,该缝合方法若未认真处理肾盂创面,也易造成漏尿。本研究切除肿瘤后采用2-0可吸收线行肾盂黏膜、黏膜下组织、肌层及浆膜全层(进针由内向外)连续锁边缝合,边缝合边带紧锁边线(助手协助),以严密锁边止血。松解肾动脉及局部压迫,可见少量渗血。采用2-0可吸收线“8”字缝合,以逐步关闭肾盂及其余切除部位的肾创面创口。观察创面3~5 min,如有出血,用2-0线行间断“8”字缝合,直到无活动性出血。
综上所述,肾盂创面的全层连续锁边缝合、闭合肾盂创面的“8”字缝合及松解阻断后的创面间断“8”字缝合法相互配合,能达到避免围术期涉及肾盂的肾部分切除术大出血和严重漏尿。局部阻断法可有效防止手术过程中残存肾组织热缺血的发生,有利于肾组织及肾功能的保护。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-11 本文編辑:任 念)