文/李取勉
古老的济水边有一座因水而名、因水而兴的古老城市。在七千多年绵延发展的历史长河中,始祖文化、东夷文化、邹鲁文化、儒家文化、运河文化等熔铸为这座城市的精华。她是中华文明、东方文明的重要发祥地之一,这个地方就是——济宁。
在一条干涸的河床上,古代文明依稀可辨。这条河流从宁阳县西部出发,由西南伸入兖州西北,再蜿蜒至汶上东部,最终延伸至汶上西南的南旺湖低洼地带,名曰“赵王河”。河流两岸多个地区发现距今一万余年的细小石器工具,取名“细石器”,学术界称这一时期为中石器时代。由此证之,这条消失的河流,孕育了济宁早期人类,开启了济宁文明的曙光。之后,文明一发不可收拾,距今7500-6300年的北辛文化、6300-4400年的大汶口文化、4400-4000年的龙山文化相继出现。济宁这块宝地,山地丘陵、平原湖泊相间的自然环境,给先人以生活的基本条件,促使济宁文化文明不断向前发展。
7000年前至4000年前,济宁先民创造的灿烂文化成为东夷文化重要的组成部分。传说中的“三皇五帝”曾在济宁留下活动踪迹,为济宁文化增添无限色彩。
○少昊陵The Mausoleum of Shao Hao
太昊伏羲氏,传说生母为华胥国“华胥氏”,前往雷泽(今泗水县一带)游玩,因脚踩巨人脚印,怀有身孕,生下一子,蛇身人首,即为伏羲。伏羲长大成人,拥有神圣之德,团结华夏部落,活跃于以济宁为中心的鲁西南地区。春秋时代,太昊后代所建立的“任(即今济宁市)、宿、须句、颛臾”风姓古国,“实司太昊与有济之祀,以服事诸夏”(《左传·僖公二十一年》)。伏羲曾对中华文明作出过重大贡献,故被奉为“人祖”,成为华夏子孙世代参拜的偶像。
炎帝神农氏“自陈营都于曲阜”,教民播种五谷,“尝百草之滋味,一日而遇七十毒”(《淮南子》),从而区分出宜农植物及中医药物,奠定了农业的基础;黄帝轩辕氏“生于寿丘”(寿丘,今曲阜东),“自穷桑登帝位,后徙曲阜”,曾与炎帝、蚩尤等部族展开大战,逐鹿中原,扫平天下,统一中国各部落;蚩尤,传说中东夷集团九黎族首领,善于制造兵器,后为东夷部落联盟盟主,被黄帝战败所杀,史载“蚩尤冢,在东平郡寿张县阚乡城中(今汶上县南旺镇),高七丈,民常十月祀之。有赤气出如匹绛帛,民名为蚩尤旗”(《皇览·冢墓记》);少昊青阳氏“邑于穷桑,以登帝位,都于曲阜”;颛顼高阳氏“始都曲阜,徙商丘”(以上未标注引文出处的,皆出自《史记·周本纪·正义》);虞舜“耕历山,渔雷泽,陶河滨,作什器于寿丘,就时于负夏”(《史记·五帝本纪》)。
夏王少康长于任国(今济宁地区),策动复国,实现中兴。商代南庚、阳甲、盘庚三王,设国都于奄(今曲阜)。春秋战国时代,五大圣人“至圣孔子、亚圣孟子、复圣颜子、宗圣曾子、述圣子思子”都诞生在这里,他们开启了中国儒家文化的先河。孔子大哉,首创私学,有教无类。巧圣鲁班,精于发明创造,成为中国建筑和木匠的鼻祖。和圣柳下惠坐怀不乱,其高尚脱俗之品格亦成百世之师。秦始皇东临峄山,为自己歌功颂德留下《峄山刻石》之文。大汉雄风,经学腹地,独尊儒术。一批济宁籍大儒,今文经学家魏应、尚书郑均、太尉王龚、司空王畅、经学家何休等,助推了儒家文化成为中国传统文化的主流和东亚文化的精神内核。匡衡凿壁、王璨观碑、孔融让梨等故事,使经典永流传。
○龙山文化鸟首型三足陶鼎(济宁市博物馆藏)。图/胡冰Three-Legged Pottery Ding with bird’s head design from the Longshan Culture (collected in Jining Museum).
○大汶口文化黑彩叶脉文彩陶杯(济宁市博物馆藏)。图/胡冰Dawenkou cultural black colored and leaf vein ceramic cup (collected in Jining Museum).
魏晋流光,名人辈出。檀道济总结前人作战谋略,形成“三十六计”。脉学大师王叔和,其《伤寒论》《金匮要略》药理学名著流传于世。玄学领袖王弼,创立一代学风——正始玄学。佛教兴盛,崇觉寺宝刹兴建,佛造像雕刻,摩崖刻经,岁月留痕。唐宋风采,郁盛文昌。“我家寄东鲁”,济宁成为李白的第二故乡。贺兰氏酒楼(今济宁市李白纪念馆)之上,李白与宫廷祖孙两代乐师李谟、许云封有因缘。李杜交游于此,石门一别留佳话。水泊梁山,宋江起义反朝廷,成就了皇皇巨著《水浒传》。峄山胜景,梁祝墓记碑、梁祝读书洞、梁祝泉,见证了梁山伯祝英台响彻东方的千古爱情故事。
作为“运河之都”的济宁,自元代开凿大运河以来,成为南北运输的要地。到明永乐年间,已是“水陆交会,南北要冲之区;襟带汶泗,控引江淮、灌运咽喉”(《乾隆济宁直隶州志》)。元明清三朝总管运河河道的河漕衙门常设于此。明清时,济宁成为京杭运河沿岸的七大商埠之一,位居运河三大名镇之首,引得康熙、乾隆“南巡”期间驻跸于此,题词作赋。
纵观历史长河,文脉一直是济宁市生生不息的根基所在。这里物阜民丰,儒风长盛,文化繁荣,名仕辈出,积蕴传承,筑就了济宁这方沃土文明的高峰!
编辑/刘岩
7,000 to 4,000 years ago, the ancestors of Jining created the splendid peak of the Dongyi culture. The legendary “Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns” left traces in Jining,adding infinite color to Jining culture.
It is said that the biological mother of Fuxi (Taihao) was surnamed “Huaxu”from the State of Huaxu. She became pregnant after stepping into a giant’s footprints in Leize (Sishui County).Later, she gave birth to a son named Fuxi. After growing up, Fuxi with divine strength united the Chinese tribes to be active in Southwest Shandong centered on Jining. As Fuxi made great contributions to the Chinese civilization, he was worshiped as the“Human Ancestor”, becoming an idol worshipped by his Chinese descendants for generations.
As the “Canal City”, Jining became an important place for north-south transport when the Grand Canal was built in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yongle Period of the Ming Dynasty, it became a vital traffic hub with both water and land routes; besides, the River Traffic Office that administered canal channels in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties was established in Jining. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jining became one of the seven commercial ports along the Grand Canal, ranking 1st among the three famous canal towns. Moreover, it even attracted the Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong who made stopovers in Jining and composed poems and verses during their “Southern Tours”.