氨甲环酸静脉联合关节腔内注射后引流管夹闭时间对Superpath人工全髋关节置换术失血量的影响

2018-10-20 07:26吴博季卫平陈继营周勇刚
中国现代医生 2018年16期
关键词:氨甲环酸氨甲环酸

吴博 季卫平 陈继营 周勇刚

[摘要] 目的 探討在Superpath人工全髋关节置换术中应用氨甲环酸静脉联合关节腔内注射后引流管夹闭时间对术后失血量的影响。 方法 筛选出75例符合诊断及排除标准的患者随机分为A、B、C、D、E五组,每组15例。五组患者均于切皮前10 min静脉滴注氨甲环酸氯化钠100 mL。缝合关闭切口后,A组通过引流管向关节腔内注射生理盐水50 mL,B、C、D、E组向关节腔内注射氨甲环酸氯化钠溶液50 mL,然后各组均夹闭引流管;A、B两组于夹闭引流管30 min后打开。C、D、E三组患者分别于夹闭引流管60 min、90 min、120 min后打开,记录各组术后48 h引流量、总失血量和隐性失血量及术后第1、3、5天及1个月血红蛋白和红细胞比容、术后输血次数及输血量以及下肢深静脉血栓形成、肺栓塞发生情况。 结果 A组患者术后48 h引流量、总失血量和隐性失血量均高于其他四组,A组各项结果与 C、D、E三组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但A、B两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。引流管内注入氨甲环酸的各组中,随着术后引流管夹闭时间的增加,术后48 h引流量逐渐减少,C、D、E三组术后48 h引流量明显少于B组, C、D、E三组与B组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);从术后夹管60 min开始,随着夹管时间的增加,术后48 h引流量D组和E组较C组减少不明显,C、D、E三组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B、C、D、E四组间总失血量和隐性失血量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。从A组到E组,术后5组的血红蛋白减少量和红细胞比容减少量呈现下降的趋势,但5组之间比较结果显示各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后患者未发现下肢深静脉血栓的形成及肺栓塞的发生,术后无患者进行输血。 结论 静脉滴注联合关节腔内注射氨甲环酸可减少Superpath人工全髋关节置换术围手术期失血量;氨甲环酸注射入关节腔后夹闭引流管的时间对术后止血效果有影响,夹管60 min再开放引流止血效果最佳。

[关键词] Superpath人工全髋关节置换术;氨甲环酸;术后引流管夹闭时间;失血量

[中图分类号] R687.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)16-0027-06

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the influence of the duration of temporary closure of the drainage tube after tranexamic acid application combining intravenous and intraarticular injection on postoperative blood loss in patients under through superpath total hip arthroplastry(THA). Methods 75 patients who were eligible for diagnostic and exclusive criteria were randomized into group A, B, C, D and E with 15 patients in each. Patients in all of five groups were treated with 100 mL of tranexamic acid by intravenous drip 10 min before skin incision. After suturing and closing incision, patients in group A were treated 50 mL of normal saline by intraarticular injection through drainage tube. Patients in group B, C, D and E were treated with 50 mL of tranexamic acid by intraarticular injection through drainage tube. Then drainage tubes in all groups were clipped. Drainage tubes in group A and B were open 30 min later. Drainage tubes in group C, D and E were open 60 min, 90 min and 120 min later. The volume of drainage, total blood loss and hidden blood loss 48h after operation in each group were recorded. The hemoglobin and erythrocrit of 1 day, 3 days, 5 days and one month later, the times and amounts of postoperative transfusion, the incidence of lower limb deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were recorded. Results The volume of drainage 48 h after operation, total blood loss and hidden blood loss in group A were more than those in other four groups. Results of each term in group A were significantly different from those in group C, D and E(P<0.05). There were no significant differences of each term between group A and B(P>0.05). Within groups of patients treated with tranexamic acid, volume of drainage 48 h after operation decreased as the duration of drainage clip increased. The volumes of drainage 48h after operation in group C, D and E were significantly different from that in group B(P<0.05). When the duration of drainage clip was 60 min and more, the volumes of drainage 48h after operation in group D and E decreased non-significantly compared with that in group C as the duration of drainage clip increased. The volumes of drainage 48h after operation in group C, D and E were not statistically different(P>0.05). The total blood loss and hidden blood loss in groups B, C, D and E were not statistically different between each other(P>0.05). Though the decrement of hemoglobin and erythrocrit were down trending from group A to group E, there were no statistically differences between each other(P>0.05). No cases were found with lower limb deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. No cases were treated with transfusion after operation. Conclusion Tranexamic acid application combining intravenous and intraarticular injection could reduce the perioperative blood loss in patients under through superpath THA. The duration of temporary closure of the drainage tube after tranexamic acid intraarticular injection could influence the effectiveness of postoperative hemostasis, and it is best to open the drainage tube 60min after drainage clip.

[Key words] Superpath total hip arthroplasty; Tranexamic acid; Duration of temporary closure of drainage tube; Blood loss

人工全髋关节置换术是治疗Ficat Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期股骨头坏死的首选方法[1],能恢复髋关节的活动、解除疼痛、提高患者生活质量[2-5]。人工全髋关节置换术失血量较大,围术期总失血量在700~2000 mL不等,而输血率高达16%~37%[6]。Superpath人工全髋关节置换术作为一种全新的髋关节微创入路,在临床逐渐开展。Superpath入路是从臀小肌与梨状肌之间的间隙纵行切开髋关节囊显露髋关节,不损伤外旋肌群。髋臼的处理是通过股骨近端切口下方后经皮辅助小切口完成。Superpath人工全髋关节置换术有组织损伤小、术中出血量少等优势[7-9],围术期失血量约700 mL左右,而输血率仅3%~4%[9,10]。大量失血可增加患者的围术期风险和经济负担,输血会增加患者的经济负担,而且存在溶血性输血反应、感染血液传播性疾病如肝炎、梅毒、艾滋病等传染病的风险[11,12]。氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)是一种抗纤溶药,其与纤溶酶原的赖氨酸结合位点具有高亲和性,可封闭纤溶酶原的赖氨酸结合位点,使纤溶酶原失去与纤维蛋白结合的能力,导致纤溶活性降低,从而发挥止血作用[13-16]。目前,大量研究均已证实氨甲环酸能有效减少髋、膝关节置换术围术期的失血量并降低输血率,且不增加术后静脉血栓栓塞症的发生风险[17-21]。根据众多文献资料荟萃分析结果及我国卫计委专家共识结果,氨甲环酸静脉滴注联合关节腔局部应用,对减少人工全髋关节置换术的围术期失血量效果显著。但是,局部氨甲环酸应用后引流管夹闭时间的长短对围术期失血量的影响尚无明确的定论。本文对75例患者进行前瞻性随机对照试验,研究静脉联合局部关节腔内注射氨甲环酸术后引流管夹闭的时间,以探讨氨甲环酸关节腔内注射合理作用时间。

1资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

术者为同一位接受正规培训且熟练掌握Superpath操作技术的主任医师。选用的假体为美国Right公司生产的生物型组配式人工全髋关节假体。2015年3月~2017 年 9 月从浙江省丽水市人民医院收治的拟行初次单侧Superpath人工全髋关节置换术的股骨头坏死(Ficat分期为Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期)[5]患者中,筛选出符合诊断及纳入标准的75例患者进行研究。按随机数字表法分为五组,分别为A组(对照组)、B组(夹管30 min 组)、C组(夹管60 min组)、D 组(夹管90 min 组)和E组(夹管120 min组),每组15例患者。所有患者均签署知情同意书,本实验通过医院伦理委员会批准。组间患者年龄、性别、病因、患髋侧别、病程、BMI、术前HB及HCT等一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。

纳入标准:(1)年龄≥60岁;(2)经临床诊断和髋关节X线、CT扫描或MRI检查确诊符合髋关节骨性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎导致的股骨头坏死(Ficat分期为Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期);(3)拟行单侧初次Superpath人工全髋关节置换术;(4)术前血红蛋白、红细胞计数、凝血功能等无明显异常者;(5)骨骼发育成熟,无严重畸形;(6)体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)<30 kg/m2。

排除标准:(1)存在心肺等严重内脏器官疾病术前评估手术风险大者;(2)合并血液系统疾病、合并血管疾病者;(3)有长期或大量抗凝药服用史者;(4)合并髋关节感染;(5)既往有血栓病史或腹部、下肢静脉彩超检查显示血栓者;(6)符合氨甲环酸氯化钠(1 g/100 mL)说明书中的禁忌证者;(7)已行介入、髓芯减压等非人工关节置换术治疗者。

1.2 Superpath入路手术方法

(1)麻醉成功后,患者取侧卧位,腋下置一软枕,在耻骨联合与骶骨处各用髂托固定骨盆,髋关节屈曲45°,患肢内旋10°~15°,稍内收。(2)切开皮肤前10 min氨甲环酸氯化钠100 mL(1 g/100 mL)静脉滴注完毕。(3)切口从大转子尖部后角顶端沿股骨轴线向近端延伸,长约6~8 cm。切开皮肤、皮下筋膜,用2把翼状尖调位器分开臀大肌,暴露臀中肌,在其后缘切开臀中肌的囊性组织。将1把Cobb调位器置于臀中肌下方,然后用钝性Hohmann牵开器替换Cobb调位器,维持牵开器的位置以保护臀中肌。外展、外旋髋关节,减少外旋肌的张力。将另1把Cobb调位器置于梨状肌与臀小肌间隙的后方,注意保护坐骨神经。用钝性Hohmann牵开器替换Cobb调位器,将其置于后关节囊和外旋肌之间,注意2把牵开器手柄要相互平行。(4)逐层暴露手术切口至关节囊,并沿主切口方向将其切开。骨膜下剥离关节囊髋臼缘附着部,显露犁状窝、大转子顶点和前股骨颈,保留股骨头完整,用开髓铰刀在股骨近端梨狀窝区开口,通过粗隆筋膜进入股骨髓腔。用干骺端铰刀扩髓。用圆形股骨距开孔器在股骨颈远端开槽,并向股骨颈近端扩展。用股骨距刮匙清理髓腔近端中部松质骨直至股骨皮质。掌握好股骨颈前倾角(15°~20°),由小到大依次予髓腔挫扩髓,扩髓至术前测量预计的假体大小型号,保留髓腔锉然后进行股骨颈原位截骨。(5)用两交叉斯氏针辅助旋转取出股骨头,切除股骨头圆韧带,清理髋臼窝。髋臼内植入对线手柄,选择好对线手柄的前倾斜角(15°~20°)和外展角(40°~45°),根据其方向在创口下方切开皮肤,长约1 cm,建立工作通道,植入套管。将髋臼挫放入髋臼内,通过工作套管将髋臼挫连杆与髋臼挫连接,依次按大小型号磨挫髋臼直至术前测量假体大小型号。(6)安装试模假体,测试关节活动度及下肢长度。术中透视假体型号满意,植入真正假体,放置创口引流管,逐层缝合关节囊、臀肌筋膜直至皮肤。(7)闭合创口后,A组患者为引流管内注射50 mL生理盐水后夹闭引流管。B、C、D、E四组患者均为引流管内注射50 mL(1 g/100 mL)氨甲环酸氯化钠后夹闭引流管。(8)A、B两组患者于夹管后30 min开放引流管,C、D、E三组患者开放引流管的时间分别为夹管后60 min、90 min和120 min。

1.3 术后治疗及观察指标

5组患者均于术后12 h开始口服利伐沙班10 mg以及配合弹力袜和下肢压力泵预防下肢深静脉血栓形成。术后第1天开始有康复科医师指导患者进行股四头肌肌肉主动收缩练习,第2天指导患者屈膝和直腿抬高锻炼。所有患者均于术后48 h拔除创口引流管,计算术后48 h引流量。术后第1天、第3天、第5天及术后1个月复查血常规,记录患者术后HB及HCT。分别计算术后第1天、第3天及第5天HB及HTC与术前差值,取最大值作为其减少量。若患者血红蛋白低于80 g/L者予输血治疗,予以输注浓缩红细胞纠正血红蛋白含量至100 g/L以上。在氨甲环酸使用后的安全性观察方面,于术后第7天、术后第3个月复查患者的双下肢血管B超,由此判断术后是否出现下肢深静脉血栓。同时住院期间密切观察患者双下肢的肿胀、疼痛等不适症状,出院后加强与患者的电话、微信随访联系,出现异常状况紧急检查下肢血管B超。

1.4 总失血量、显性失血量及隐性失血量的计算

应用Gross[22]线性方程计算患者总失血量,总失血量=术前血容量×(HCT术前-HCT术后)。根据 Nadler[23]方程计算术前血容量:术前血容量(PBV)=k1×身高(m)+k2×体重(kg)+k3,男性患者k1=0.3669,k2=0.03219,k3=0.6041;女性患者k1=0.3561,k2=0.03308,k3=0.1833。HCT术前为手术前患者红细胞比容,HCT术后为手术后患者红细胞比容。将术后第1天、第3天和第5天患者红细胞比容的最低值作为HCT术后带入公式计算。显性失血量=(术中出血量+术后引流量)×平均HCT。术中出血量为负压吸引器中的血性液体与术中无菌纱布增加的净重之和,去除术中冲洗使用的生理盐水、双氧水的量。术后可见的失血量:(1)引流量:48 h负压引流装置内的血性液体;(2)切口处无菌敷料上渗出的血液忽略不计。Gross等[22]认为围手术期平均HCT =(HCT术前+ HCT术后)/2。隐性失血量=总失血量+输血量-显性失血量。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 24.0统计学软件分析数据。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用SNK检验;对于不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数和四分位间距表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whithey U检验。计数资料以频数和率表示,采用χ2检验,若不符合χ2检验条件(理论频数<5),则采用Fisher确切概率法;P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 五组患者术后48 h引流量、总失血量及隐性失血量比较

A 组患者术后48 h引流量、总失血量和隐性失血量高于其他四组,A组各项结果与 C、D、E三组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但A、B两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。引流管内注入氨甲环酸的各组中,随着术后引流管夹闭时间的增加,术后 48 h 引流量逐渐减少,C、D、E三组术后48 h引流量明显少于B组, C、D、E三组与B组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);但C、D、E三组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。从术后夹管60 min开始,随着夹管时间的增加,术后48 h引流量D组和E组较C组减少不明显,C、D、E三组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B、C、D、E四组总失血量比较差异无统计学意义(F=1.045,P=0.361);B、C、D、E四组隐性失血量组间比较差异无统计学意义(F=1.357,P=0.269)。综上所述,氨甲环酸注射入关节腔后夹闭引流管的时间对术后止血效果有影响,夹管 60 min 再开放引流止血效果最佳。见表2。

2.2 五组患者血红蛋白减少量、红细胞比容减少量、术后1个月血红蛋白及红细胞比容比较

术后第1、3、5天及1个月复查血常规,记录HB和HCT的值。取术后第1天、第3天、第5天的HB及HCT的值,将其与术前的对应值进行比较,取最大差值作为术后HB及HCT的减少量。A、B、C、D、E 五组HB及HCT减少量呈逐渐降低趋势,各组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。髋关节置换术后1个月A、B、C、D、E五组的HB、HCT各组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 3。

2.3 不良反应

本研究中患者均未出现切口感染、严重低氧血症、有症状的肺栓塞以及下肢深静脉血栓形成等不良情况,均未出现与氨甲环酸相关的不良反应。所有患者均未输血。

3 讨论

人工全髋关节置换术是用人工假体替换病变髋臼和股骨头的一种手术,是治疗髋部关节病变的有效方法,也是一种很好的股骨头坏死终末期的治疗方法。人工全髋关节置换术常可伴随大量失血。根据文献报道,髋关节置换术围术期总失血量多在700~2000 mL以上,输血率高达16%~37%[6]。随着日益增长的人民群众的医疗需求增加,临床用血量也在逐年增长。输血不但增加医疗机构的负担,也增加患者的经济负担,而且输血存在免疫反应、传播疾病、容量负荷过重等相关风险性。所以减少人工全髋关节置换术的失血量,降低患者的输血率,对临床医疗工作有重要意义。

氨甲环酸是一种抗纤溶药,其与纤溶酶原的赖氨酸结合位点具有高亲和性,可封闭纤溶酶原的赖氨酸结合位点,使纤溶酶原失去与纤维蛋白结合的能力,导致纤溶活性降低,从而发挥止血作用[24-25]。1995年Benoni等[26]发现松止血带前静脉滴注氨甲环酸可降低膝关节置换术后的失血量,可明显降低输血需求。随着对髋膝关节术后失血量的认识逐渐增多,氨甲环酸的有效性及安全性得到了越来越多的关注。目前,大量研究均已证实氨甲环酸能有效减少髋、膝关节置换术围术期的失血量并降低输血率,且不增加术后静脉血栓栓塞症的发生风险[27,28]。目前静脉滴注是氨甲环酸在全髋关节置换术中的最主要用法,国外已有大量文献研究静脉用药在全髋关节置换术中的有效性与安全性[29-31]。氨甲环酸在全髋关节置换术中的局部应用也引起关注。局部应用氨甲环酸,既能够提高局部药物浓度,也能减少全身吸收。一些文献报道及相关的前瞻性随机对照研究显示氨甲环酸2~3 g局部应用可以有效减少出血、降低输血率[20,24,32]。根据我国氨甲环酸在髋膝关节置换术中应用的专家共识,目前关于氨甲环酸的局部应用尚无统一标准,特别是术后引流管夹闭时间仍存在争议,各报道中术后引流管夹闭时间为30 min~2 h不等。对此,本文对术后夹管时间的不同做相关研究,并得出术后夹管60 min,能显著减少术后引流量。研究报道,氨甲环酸在髋关节置换术围术期静脉滴注联合局部应用相比单纯静脉滴注或局部应用更有效减少术后引流量、降低输血率[33]。对此,本研究在综合众多文献研究结果的基础上选择了静脉应用与局部应用联合,并且在进行人工全髋置换术的术式方面选择符合微创理念的Superpath术式,以求达到最佳止血效果。根据本研究结果,静脉联合关节腔内注射氨甲环酸后引流管夹闭 30 min 组(B组)、60 min组(C组)、90 min组(D组)、120 min组(E组)术后 48 h 引流量、总失血量及隐性失血量比引流管注射生理盐水的对照组(A组)均有减少,但B组与A组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),C、D、E组与A组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),C、D、E三组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。并且本研究中五组使用氨甲环酸的患者在术后及远期随访中均未发现下肢深静脉血栓形成及肺栓塞的发生。结果表明,局部关节腔内注入氨甲环酸能有效减少术后引流量,夹管时间过短(30 min)不能达到最佳止血效果,夹管时间过长(90 min、120 min)也不能增加止血效果。Superpath人工全髖关节置换术前静脉注射氨甲环酸、术后关节腔内注射氨甲环酸并夹闭引流管60 min再开放引流管,减少术后的引流量效果最佳,氨甲环酸的应用并未引起术后下肢深静脉血栓形成及肺栓塞风险的增高。A、B、C、D、E组的血红蛋白减少程度以及红细胞比容减少程度组间比较差异均无统计学意义,但B、C、D、E组与A组比较均降低。这表明静脉联合关节腔内注射氨甲环酸可以有效减少 Superpath人工全髋关节置换术围手术期失血量,但夹管时间长短对血红蛋白及红细胞比容影响不大。这是因为氨甲环酸静脉滴注并通过引流管注射入关节腔内,术后夹闭引流管可以使其在关节腔内的血药浓度保持恒定,有利于抗纤溶作用。夹闭的引流管有利于关节腔内渗出液聚集,增加其腔内压力,产生压迫止血的作用。但是术后引流管的夹闭时间过短,氨甲环酸在关节腔内作用时间少,可能无法达到最佳抗纤溶效果;如果术后引流管夹闭时间过长,可能会使关节腔内压力过高,压迫关节腔周围的血管神经,产生相应的神经症状或静脉血栓形成等并发症相应增多。但是本研究也存在一定的局限性:①本研究纳入的患者病例数较少,检验效能较低,还需进一步扩大样本量甚至增加多中心研究的空间;②本研究未设置空白对照组,未能对比静脉使用氨甲环酸和未使用氨甲环酸的组间差异结果。因为本次研究是在总结众多氨甲环酸在髋膝关节置换术中应用方案的基础上选择效果最好的静脉滴注联合关节腔注射方案,在此基础上观察夹管时间对失血量的影响;③因本研究中纳入了骨关节炎和类风湿性关节炎拟行初次单侧Superpath人工全髋关节置换术的患者,尚需要扩大样本量进一步研究本结果是否适用于股骨颈骨折等患者。希望在接下来,通过增加更多的样本量、联系多家医疗中心协同研究、采用更精确的试验方法等进一步深入研究,争取在论证氨甲环酸静脉联合局部应用安全性的基础上能够发现人工全髋关节置换术后最佳的引流管夹闭时间,为减少临床髋关节置换术的失血量提供一种方法。

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(收稿日期:2018-03-05)

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