张晓岩
摘要:《骆驼祥子》是老舍先生的代表作之一,1945年其英译本在美国出版,使老舍成为具有世界影响力中国作家。本篇论文以《骆驼祥子》3个英译本为研究对象,介绍译文文本特点,分析三位译者的用词、句法,以及译文的忠实程度。
关键词:《骆驼祥子》英译本;译文分析;忠实程度
书名翻译
书中写到“我们所要介绍的祥子,不是骆驼,因为‘骆驼只是个外号”(第一章)“骆驼——在口内负重惯了的——是走不快的。不但是走的慢,还需极小心的慢走,骆驼怕滑;一汪水,一片泥儿,都可以教他们劈了腿,或折扭了膝。骆驼的价值全在四条腿上;腿一完,全完!”(第三章)老舍将祥子比喻成骆驼,不单是因为祥子和骆驼一样,能吃苦耐劳,还因为祥子有着骆驼的脆弱性。
施晓菁选择异化,遵从原文,译为Camel Xiangzi。Evan King选择归化,改译为Rickshaw Boy却无法表达原著书名的深层含义。Jean M James选择归化异化相结合,Rickshaw;the novel Lo-t`o Hiang Tzu,但Lo-t`o不符合读者语言习惯。
人名翻译
人名通常内涵丰富,表示长辈对晚辈的希冀,家长对孩子的祝愿。“祥”多表示吉利,如“祥和”“祥云”“祥瑞”。“祥子”这个名字也表达了一种美好的祝愿,但现实生活却充满痛苦、绝望。美国翻译家Evan King将“祥子”译成了“Happy Boy”。相对于其他翻译版本的Xiangzi 或Hiang Tzu,Happy Boy更像是一个昵称,外号,同时也有讽刺的效果。
译文分析
原文:呷了口汤,觉得恶心,在口中含了半天,勉强的咽下去;不再想喝……他知道自己又有了命。
Evan King:The first mouthful of the soup made him sick…He knew that from familiar sound that he had come back to life.
与其他译者不同,Evan King在翻译“他知道自己又有了命”时运用了增译的方法,“听到这熟悉的打嗝声,他知道自己又有了命。”从语言表达及文化内涵上,中国读者能够理解原文,可对母语非中文的读者来说原文意思不连贯,此处的增译能够弥补文化差异,以便于理解。
施晓菁:The first sip made him want to retch and he kept the liquid in his mouth for some time before finally forcing himself to swallow it.He didnt feel like having any more…At that he knew he was going to survive.
Liquid仅指液体,译者将汤译为“liquid”显然不够准确。Retch意为“干呕”,“发出声音,做出动作,就像在呕吐一样,但其实没有”,与“sick”相比,将“恶心”译为“retch”并不十分恰当。
译者将“又有了命”译成“going to survive”。原文中祥子死里逃生,吃过一碗馄饨后,他感到自己重新活了过来,他要重新开始。“survive”意为continue to live or exist,继续活下去,并不能体现原文“重生”这一内涵。
Jean M James:He took a mouthful and felt nauseated,but held the soup in his mouth awhile…He knew he was still had life in him.
相较于sick,nauseate不够口语话,并且有厌恶的意思,包含贬义,用此处并不十分恰当。
原文:虽然被兵们拉去不多的日子,到现在一想,一切都像个噩梦。这个噩梦使他老了许多,好像忽然的一气增了好几岁。
Evan King:Although the soldiers had not held him for long,it all seemed a nightmare now-a nightmare that had made him much older,as if he had suddenly and in one breath added many years to his age.
译者将“拉”译为“held(hold)”解释为“监禁,拘留”或“控制”。根据原文内容祥子当时正在拉客,是被突然出现的兵捉走,Hold表达了祥子因为被“囚困”的意思,但却没有体现出动词“拉”所表现出的突然性。
“一氣”译为“suddenly and in one breath”稍显啰嗦,suddenly和in one breath意思相同,重复可能是为了尊重原文的字面同时又加以解释。
施晓菁:Though he had not spend many days with troops,it already seemed like a nightmare,a night mare which had aged him considerably,as if over night he had added years to his age.
从内容上看,spend day with并无法表示祥子是被迫、非自愿去的部队,并且也无法表示在部队的日子所遭遇的种种。
“一气”译为“overnight”,释义为“在夜;在晚上;突然;旋即”。多数读者会把overnight理解为一夜之间,但与原文“一气”相比,overnight表达的时间更长,语气变淡。
Jean M James:Although it wasnt so long ago that he had been captures by the soldiers,it was all like a nightmare when he thought about it now.
译者将动词“拉”译为“capture”,释义俘虏;俘获,更贴近原文。
将“一气”译为“in a single breath”只是从字面意思翻译,不能很好地传递出原文所表现的时间短、突然这一概念。
结束语
翻译是一个复杂的过程,要同时考虑忠实原文、适应读者的习惯。Evan King 采用归化的方法,改写原文,甚至改变了原文的中心思想,使译文更贴近读者。James的译文稍显沉闷,却能做到忠实原文。施晓菁的译文文风活泼,更符合原文“京味儿”风格。
参考文献:
[1]陈岚.从《骆驼祥子》英译本说开去——翻译家施晓菁访谈录[J].东方翻译,2015(05):55-58.
[2]陈秋露.从《骆驼祥子》看老舍语言的京味特色[J].文学界(理论版),2012(01):4-5+11.
[3]樊骏.论《骆驼祥子》的现实主义——纪念老舍先生八十诞辰[J].文学评论,1979(01):26-39.
[4]黄立波.《骆驼祥子》三个英译本中叙述话语的翻译——译者风格的语料库考察[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2014,37(01):72-80+99.