中考英语阅读理解抢分技巧

蒋千千

找出主题句是最有效的办法。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的，而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫主题句。因此，要理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思，首先须学会寻找主题句。

（1）主题句在段首或篇首。一般新闻报道、说明文、议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。如：

All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group，and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another，one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live，and together they form a food chain（食物链）. Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.

【分析】 第一句即是主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思：地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其他的生物。后面讲述了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物链都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。

（2）主题句在段末或篇末。用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句，往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者是所得出的结论。如：

If you buy some well-made clothes，you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money，but it does not mean that they are always better made，or they always fit better. In other words，some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.

【分析】 这个段落前面列举了两个事实，最后一句是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。

词汇是阅读理解的基础。我们必须掌握教材中所学的单词和词组，了解构词法知识。如熟记一些常见的前缀、后缀以及词语的合成和转化等，并且要进行大量的课外阅读增加自己的词汇量。要阅读需要一定的词汇量，大量阅读不仅可以复习学过的词汇，还可增加自己的词汇量。尽管如此，在阅读中还是不可避免会遇到生词或者熟词生义，在英语阅读理解试题中猜测词义也是必不可少的题目。因此，我们必须学会如何猜测词义。任何一个词语，在一定的上下文中只能表示一个确定的词义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语，来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。我们可以从以下几个方面来猜测词义：

（1）根据定义或解释猜测词义。如：

A bag is useful and the word “bag” is also useful. It gives us some interesting phrases （短語）. One is “to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”....

Now when someone lets out （泄漏） a secret，he “lets the cat out of the bag.”

John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______.

A. makes everyone know a secret

B. tells the woman about a cat

C. buys a cat in the bag

D. sells the cat in the bag

【分析】 在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”。根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。

（2）根据情景和逻辑进行判断。如：

As they go around town，the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight，they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

In the text，“put an end to” means “______”.

A. stop B. cut

C. kill D. fly

【分析】 根據文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是A。

（3）根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。如：

There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.

What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese？

A. 自来水 B. 大气

C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽

【分析】 从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就可以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。

（4）根据背景和常识判断。如：

The following morning when I went to see how my captive （caged） bird was doing，I discovered it on the floor of the cage，dead. I was terribly surprised！ What had happened！ I had taken extremely care of my little bird. Arthur Wayne，the famous ornithologist，who happened to be visiting my father at the time，hearing me crying over the death of my bird，explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird，finding her young in a cage，will sometimes bring it poison berries （毒莓）. She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”

An ornithologist is probably a person who ______.

A. studies birds

B. loves creatures

C. majors in habits

D. takes care of trees

【分析】 Ornithologist 这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。“我”很爱鸟，把鸟关在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，“我”很不理解。到“我”家来的这个人给“我”详细解释了鸟死亡的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案是A。

事实细节题相对来说是比较容易的。这类题主要考查考生对文章事实和细节的掌握是否正确。在阅读文章时，除了要抓住文章的主旨大意之外，还应该弄清楚文中的一些重要事实或细节，因为它们是作者得出结论或阐明论点的依据。了解这些事实或细节，有助于领会并确定文章的主题思想。对于这种题型，考生可以首先在题目中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用查读的方法到文章中寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，从而保证对这一细节的正确理解，最后确定最佳答案。

Last Sunday afternoon，I was having dinner in a restaurant when my friend Poor came in. Poor is working in a bank and is quite rich，but he is always borrowing money from his friends and never pays it back. Poor saw me and came to sit at my table. He had never borrowed any money from me. When he was eating，I asked him to lend me two dollars. To my surprise，he gave me the money at once. “I have never borrowed any money from you，” Poor said. “So you can pay for my dinner.”

1. The story happened ______.

A. at home B. in a restaurant

C. in a bank D. in an office

2. Poor is the name of a man and the writer ______.

A. knows him well

B. doesnt know him

C. often lends him some money

D. often borrows money from him

3. Poor is a ______ man.

A. busy B. clever

C. rich D. poor

4. Why was Poor glad to lend the writer two dollars？

A. Because they are brothers.

B. Because Poor is rich.

C. Because the writer is rich.

D. Because Poor wanted the writer to pay for the dinner.

【分析】 这四道题均为事实细节题。第1题选B，由第1句I was having dinner in a restaurant可知。第2题选A，由my friend Poor和下文可知作者对Poor很了解。第3题选C，由第2句Poor...is quite rich可知。第4题选D，由短文末句Poor所说的话可知。

这类题目要求考生根据所读材料进行一定的推理、判断和引申，领会作者的观点、意图和态度。一篇文章往往包含字面含义和内在含义。内在含义指的是由于某种原因，文章的作者不直接说出其意，而是把要表达的意思隐藏在字里行间。推理判断题就是要求考生依据文章所提供的事实，透过表面的文字信息去推测文章深层的内在含义。这类题目难度较大，既有以局部内容为基础的简单推理，也有以某一段落甚至整篇文章为基础，判断作者（或文中某人物）的态度、观点、意图、语气、身份及文章文体等的复杂推理。解答此类题须从以下几方面入手：

（1）根据已知的知识来推理判断。解题时应结合运用一些已知的知识，如天文、地理、文学、艺术、医学、科技等自然科学和社会科学知识，以提高推理的准确性。

（2）根据常识来推理判断。解题时，除了弄清大意外，还须借助各方面的常識进行判断，如生活常识、风土人情、传说故事等。

（3）根据故事情节来推理判断。解题时，应从故事情节提供的事实出发，充分利用文中的时间关系、条件关系、因果关系、比较关系、转折关系等作为推理根据。

（4）根据所给选项进行反推。有些题目利用反推法往往很有效。假设某一选择为正确答案，那么要得出这样的结论需要什么样的条件，文章中是否有这样的条件。如果文章恰好有符合要求的条件，那么那个选项就是供选答案。

（5）根据事实来推理判断。这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出相关的信息，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。如：

Finally，little Tommy brought home his report card. He quietly put it on the table and went up to his room and hit the books. His mom looked at it and to her surprise，little Tommy got an A in math. She could no longer hold her curiosity （好奇心） . She went to his room and asked，“Son，what was it？ Was it the nuns （修女）？”

Little Tommy looked at her and shook his head，“No.”

“Well then，” she asked again，“What was it？”

Little Tommy looked at her and said，“Well，on the first day of school，when I saw that man nailed （钉） to the plus sign （加号），I knew they werent joking.”

The last sentence in the passage shows that ______.

A. Tommy felt sorry for the mail

B. Tommy was afraid of being nailed

C. Tommy didnt like the plus sign

D. Tommy liked playing jokes on others

【分析】 通过阅读这一段文字内容，可知这里讲述Tommy的妈妈对Tommy的数学成绩得到A后的异常表现感到很好奇，于是就问Tommy其中的原因。而文章的最后一句话，其字面意思为“Tommy在上学的第一天就看到了一个被钉在加号上的人，从此他就觉得学校里的人不是在开玩笑”。因此根据文段内容，再经过逻辑推理，可得出这句话反映了Tommy觉得如果数学成绩不好，就会像那个人一样被钉在加号上，所以答案应选B。

（编辑 陈根花）