陈晖云
笔者在担任几年的高中英语教学中发现一点,很多学生都觉得高中语法,特别是从句很难学,很难掌握。综合以往语法教学经验,学生学语法的很大一方面的障碍在于没有把握句子结构,特别是初中时学的五种基本句式。基本句式在语法学习中起着非常重要的作用。以下是笔者几年教学中所积累的经验。
句子结构由句子成分构成。成分包括主语,谓语,宾语,定语,状语,补语。主语是句子所要陈述的对象。它是一句话的“头”,它回答“谁” “什么”的问题。作主语的主要是名词和代词,其次还有数次,不定式,动名词,从句等。例如:
1.I often play football after class. (代词做主语)
2.To learn English well is not easy. (不定式做主语)
3.What he said is not true. (从句做主语)
谓语是句子的躯干,说明主语的动作。谓语动词随着主语的不同而变化,随着时间的不同而变化,随着与主语的不同关系(主动关系和被动关系)而变化。例如:
1.He usually gets up at six. (动词单三形式)
2.I will get up at six tomorrow. (将来时)
3.You must get up at seven on Monday. (情态动词+ 动词原形)
4.The old were looked after well. (被动语态)
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受着。只有及物动词才有宾语。放在动词后的宾语叫做动词宾语,而放在介词之后的宾语叫做介词宾语。作主语成分的词也可以做宾语。有一部分的词能跟双宾语,一般是间接宾语在前直接宾语在后。例如:
1.Mother made many cakes. (名词作宾语)
2.No one knows where she is going. (从句作宾语)
3.He will buy me some apples. (双宾语)
表语是用来说明主语的身份,特征和状态的。只有系动词之后才有表语。常见的系动词有:be, become, look, sound, taste, smell, grow, go, feel, seem, turn, get 等。如:
1.The milk goes bad.
2.Tom wants to become a doctor.
3.One plus two is three.
定语是修饰成分,用来修饰名词。用作定语的有形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动名词,介词短语和从句等。如:a tall building(为形容词), a coffee cup(为名词), my book(为代词),a singing girl(为动名词), the man I talked to(为从句)。状语也是修饰成分,它是用来修饰动词,形容词或副词的。说明动作的时间,地点,方式,原因,结果,条件,伴随等。用作状语的有副词,介词短语,分词或分词短语,不定式,从句等。如:run slowly, do everything to help him. 补足语是用来对宾语进行补充说明的成分。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。当动词时被动语态时宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了。如:He asked me to help him. (宾语补足语) I was asked to help him.(主语补足语)。
了解了这些句子成分后,我们来看下面五种基本句型。
1.主语+谓语
They have started.
主语 谓语
The man leaves.
主语 谓语
其后不带宾语。常用的不及物动词有:go, come, leave, start, begin, fly, arrive, stay 等。
2.主语+谓语+宾语
They visited a factory.
主语 谓语 宾语
Students play football every day.
主语 谓语 宾语
动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词,若动词是不及物则要在动词后面加上介词,如:
He worked on a farm.
3.主语+系动词+表语
The idea sounds good
主语 系动词 表语
在这类结构中最常用的连系动词有:1.感官类:look,sound,smell,taste, touch,feel,seem 2.保持:keep,be,stay, remain 3.轉变 :become, turn,get,go,grow等
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
Mother makes him some bread
主语 谓语 间宾 直宾
此句型中的及物动词须跟两个宾语,间接宾语一般指人,直接宾语一般指物。间接宾语也可以放在直接宾语的后面,但要在其前面加上适当的介词。如:Mother makes some bread for him。可接双宾语的常见动词有:ask,answer,give,offer,send,bring,pass, tell, make,buy,teach等。
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
He made his little sister cry
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
该句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”又叫做“复合结构”,其特点是宾语与补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。常见的这类动词还有:ask,tell,call,persuade,watch,see,hear,feel,consider,let,help,allow等。
了解了句子成分和五种基本句式,我们来看看它们在定语从句中的运用。