江西 邱世才
句子按用途可以分为四类,即陈述句(肯定句和否定句)、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句,对它们的考查常常出现在选择填空和句型转换题型中。
1.there be结构
(1)there be结构的谓语动词。
be在人称和数上应与其后的主语(名词)保持一致。主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is,复数名词用are。两个或两个以上的名词作主语,be动词和邻近的主语在数上保持一致。例如:
There is a pen and some books on the desk.在桌子上有一支钢笔和一些书。
(2)there be结构时态的构成。
表达将来用there is (are)going to be或there will be;表示过去某处或某时有某人或某物用there was/were。例如:
There were a lot of students in the classroom yesterday.昨天教室里有许多学生。
2.否定句
(1)含be、情态动词或助动词的句子,直接在这些词后加not。
(2)含实义动词的句子,主语是第三人称单数,一般现在时的否定句要借助于助动词does,并加not构成,实义动词用原形;一般过去时的否定句要借助助动词did,并加not构成,实义动词要用原形。
(3)单词变化构成否定句,如both改neither,both...and...改 neither...nor...,all(of) 改 none(of),often 改never,always 改 seldom,already 改 yet,everything改nothing等。例如:
All the answers are wrong.=None of the answers are right.没有一个答案是对的。
【注意】
在构成否定句时,some改为any,some-所构成的复合不定代词改为any-所构成的复合不定代词。例如:
The twin needs some bananas.(改为否定句)
→The twin doesn’t need any bananas.
3.高频句
(1)“It’s+ 形容词 +for/of sb.to do sth.”意为“对某人来说做某事是……的”。句中的形容词表示人的性格特征时,用of;形容词描述事物,不对不定式作为者进行评价,用for。例如:
It’s foolish of him to go alone./He was foolish to go along.他单独外出太傻了。
It’s very dangerous for him to cross the busy street.对他来说,穿过繁忙的街道很危险。
(2)“It takes/took/will take sb.+time/money to do sth.”意为“花费某人多长时间/钱做某事”。此句型可转换为“Sb.spends/spent/will spend+time/money(in)doing/on sth.”。例如:
It took me a week to finish reading the book./I spent a week in reading the book.读完那本书花了我一周时间。
(3)“It seems/seemed that...”意为“看起来好像……”。it是形式主语,代替that引导的主语从句。此句型常与“Sb./Sth.seems/seemed to be...”互换。例如:
It seems that he has known everything./He seems to have known everything.他似乎已经知道一切了。
(4)“It’s said+that从句”意为“据说……”。充当形容词成分的said是过去分词,类似的词还有reported(报道)、thought(认为)、known(周知)、suggested(建议)、proved(证明)等。例如:
It is reported that there will be a concert this evening.据报道,今晚有一场音乐会。
1.一般疑问句
含助动词、情态动词及be动词的陈述句,把这些词提前即可变成一般疑问句。句中的动词为实义动词,可加助动词do/does/did,且实义动词还原为原形。陈述句中的第一人称变为相应的第二人称,第二人称有时也改为相应的第一人称。例如:
I used to get up early in the morning.→Did you use to get up early in the morning?
Allan goes to the library every Monday.→Does Allan go to the library every Monday?
2.选择疑问句
对选择疑问句的考查,除包含一般疑问句的考查内容外,还要侧重于连词or的使用。例如:
This is my pencil.(用her pencil改为选择疑问句)→ Is this your pencil or her pencil?
3.反意疑问句
(1)反意疑问句的构成是“前肯后否或前否后肯”,附加问句的主语和谓语应与陈述部分主语和谓语的人称和数保持一致。例如:
You bought a new computer last week,didn’t you?
Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time,did he?
(2)陈述部分是祈使句,附加问句部分用will you/won’t you。但 Let’s... 后的附加问句用 shall we,Let us...后的附加问句用will you。例如:
Don’t plan on driving a car in Tibet,will you?
Let’s go to the supermarket,shall we?
Let me help you,will you?
(3)陈述部分中含有 never、seldom、hardly、few、little、nothing、none、no、nobody 等否定意义的词汇时,附加问句则为肯定形式。例如:
He can hardly swim,can he?
They seldom come late,do they?
4.特殊疑问句
(1)疑问词的选用。
根据疑问词(如 how,when,what,where,why,who,whom,whose及以其他词构成的疑问词)的意思,并结合句意和语境来选择疑问词。例如:
—It took me half an hour to clean the house.打扫房子花费我半个小时。(对画线部分提问)
—How long did it take you to clean the house?打扫房子花费你多长时间?(询问时间长度)
(2)特殊疑问句的语序。
一般情况下,特殊疑问句是由“疑问词+一般疑问句”构成,但疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,用陈述语序。例如:
Who’s your English teacher?谁是你的英语老师?
Which woman is your aunt?哪一位妇女是你的姨妈?
(3)对画线部分提问。
对画线部分提问可采取下列方法。去:去掉画线部分;变:把去掉画线部分后的句子变化为一般疑问句句型(对主语提问或对主语的定语提问时,仍用陈述句语序);选:即根据画线部分的意思选择一个合适的疑问词,并放在句首;改:即将原句首词的字母由大写形式改为小写形式(原句为人名、地名等专有名词仍用大写),并将原句的句号改为问号。例如:
The woman looks after Rose at home.
【解析】去:去掉画线部分at home,成为“The woman looks after Rose.”。变:改为一般疑问句句型:Does the woman look after Rose?选:根据画线部分(at home)的意思选择合适的疑问词。此处的画线部分指地点,选where,并放在句首。改:首字母大写并标上问号,即“Where does the woman look after Rose?”。
1.肯定句式
祈使句肯定结构的三种类型(Do、Be、Let),委婉请求用please。例如:
Go and ask the teacher.去问问老师。
Be quiet,please.请保持安静。
Let’s put these books in the box.请把这些书放进箱子里。
2.否定句式
祈使句否定句式的三种类型:“Don’t+实义动词原形”、“Don’t be”和“No+ 名词或动名词”。例如:
Don’t play with the cat,please./Please don’t play with the cat.请不要玩猫。
Don’t be late.不要迟到。
No smoking!禁止吸烟!
【注意】
Let型祈使句的否定式可分两种情况:“Don’t let+名词(代词)+动词原形”或“Let’s not+动词原形”。例如:
Don’t let him in.不要让他进来。
Let’s not play basketball in the classroom.咱们别在教室打篮球。
四、感叹句
1.What式感叹句
引导感叹句的what为形容词,作定语,用来修饰名词(词组)。如果名词是可数名词的单数,形容词前要加上a/an。例如:
What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
What bad weather it is!多糟糕的天气!
What beautiful flowers these are!这些是多么漂亮的花啊!
2.How式感叹句
引导感叹句的how为副词,用来修饰其后的形容词或副词。例如:
How hot it is!天气多热啊!
How well he draws!他画得多好啊!
【注意】
两种感叹句的互换:what引导的感叹句中有名词短语时,可转换成how引导的感叹句;当how引导的感叹句中有形容词时,可转换成what引导的感叹句。例如:
Howinterestingthestoryis!这个故事多么有趣啊!→What an interesting story it is!多么有趣的故事啊!
1.—What’s in the picture?
—There______a teacher and some students playing games on the playground.【2017·铜仁中考题】
A.is B.are C.has D.have
【答案与解析】A 考查there be结构。根据答语意思“在操场上有一个老师和一些学生在做游戏”可排除C、D两项。在there be结构中,be后的可数名词(主语)有几个时,根据靠be最近的那个主语来确定。邻近主语是a teacher,故用is。
2.______that they haven’t known the news.【2016·兰州中考题】
A.It seems B.It seemed
C.They seem D.They seemed
【答案与解析】A 考查固定句型。It seems/seemed that...意为“看起来好像……”。根据that后的宾语从句为现在完成时可知,主句不可能是一般过去时。故选A项。
3.—______will you ask for help when you are in trouble?
—My parents,I think. 【2017·孝感中考题】
A.Who B.WhatC.Where D.When
【答案与解析】A 考查疑问代词。根据答语句意“我认为是我父母”可推断,问句询问的是“当你处于困境中时,你会向谁求助?”,故所缺的疑问代词是Who。
4.—People choose high-speed train or selfdriving to travel on holidays.
—_______ fastthe traditionaltravelways change! 【2017·宜昌中考题】
A.What a B.How C.WhatD.How a
【答案与解析】B 考查感叹句的构成。修饰副词fast要用How,且其后不加冠词。
5.—Excuse me,but can you tell me where the nearest bank is?
—Just_______going for two more blocks and you’ll see it. 【2017·南京中考题】
A.keep B.to keep C.keeping D.keeps
【答案与解析】A 考查祈使句的构成。肯定祈使句通常以动词原形开头。
6.Professor Tu Youyou never stops doing research on Chinese medicine,_______?【2017·上海中考题】
A.is she B.does she
C.isn’t she D.doesn’t she
【答案与解析】B 考查反意疑问句。陈述部分含否定意义的never,附加疑问部分用肯定式;Professor Tu Youyou是第三人称单数形式,用she代替;陈述句谓语为实义动词stops,助动词用does。
7.Mark is watching TV now.(改成否定句)【2015·重庆中考题】
Mark______________TV now.
【答案与解析】isn’t watching 考查否定句的构成。现在进行时结构的否定句式直接在助动词be后加not构成。
8.People will use robots more and more in the future life.(改为一般疑问句) 【2017·孝感中考题】
_______people_______robots more and more in the future life?
【答案与解析】Will;use 考查一般疑问句的构成。一般将来时的结构将助动词提前即转化为一般疑问句。
9.My husband likes fish for lunch.(用chicken完成选择问句) 【2014·新疆中考题】
Which does your husband like better for lunch,fish______________?
【答案与解析】or chicken 考查选择疑问句的构成。选择疑问句的结构为“一般疑问句+or+供选择部分?”。
一、根据句意,从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择正确答案。
1.Look!There_______a photo of our English teacher in today’s newspaper!
A.is B.are C.have D.have
2._______picture books in class,please.
A.Not read B.No read
C.Not reading D.Don’t read
3.It’s dangerous_______with the wild animal.
A.for us to play B.of us playing
C.for us playing D.of us to play
4.—_______are the Olympic Games held,do you know?
—Every four years.
A.How soon B.How far
C.How long D.How often
5—_______kind girl Nancy is!
—Yes,she is always ready to help others.
A.What B.What a C.How D.How a
二、根据括号里的要求完成句型转换,每空一词。
1.Liu Ying does morning exercises every day.(改为否定句)
Liu Ying______________morning exercises every day.
2.The red skirt is Lily’s.(对画线部分提问)
______________the red skirt?
3.We had some work to do last Sunday.(改为一般疑问句)
_______you______________work to do last Sunday?
4.He could hardly wait.(改为反意疑问句)
He could hardly wait,_______________?
5.It is a very fine day.(改为感叹句)______________fine day_______________!