蝠塔，东奥托，美国

建筑设计：大草原之蚁工作室

1 外景/Exterior view

“蝠塔”挑战了传统的现成品蝙蝠巢的理念。它没有悄然隐入背景，而是以一座引人瞩目的雕塑的姿态屹立在户外。这个装置引用了垂直巢穴的概念，展现出一种沉重、突出的形象，与自制蝙蝠巢的轻盈和谦逊形成了反差。

这座塔的选址和设计意在引蝠来巢。它的场地紧邻湖边，有大量吸引蝙蝠的蚊虫。此外，塔的底部还种有香葱、牛至以及其他蝙蝠喜爱的草本植物。为了便于蝙蝠出入，靠近塔顶处的肋结构上设有若干“登陆台”。而垂直面和水平面上的凹槽让蝙蝠能更容易爬到塔里，并附着在“天花板”上。为了给蝙蝠的栖息提供温暖适宜的内部环境，栖居区还覆有暗色木板，以吸收阳光。

蝠塔是一个为展示蝙蝠生存状态而设计的建筑装置，我们希望能借此让公众更好地意识到它们是生态系统的一个重要组成部分。蝙蝠是有效的天然蚊虫杀手和传粉媒介，但却往往被误认为是一种城市害虫，遭到人类“除害行动”的灭杀。而且，它们的生存还饱受白鼻症的威胁，目前美国东北部的蝙蝠数量已在这种病症的摧残下减少到令人难以置信的地步。□（尚晋 译）

Bat Tower challenges notions of the typical offthe-shelf bat house. Rather than innocuously fading into the background, the tower stands as a prominently visible outdoor sculpture. Drawing from the idea of a vertical cave, the installation has a heavy and intense presence, contrasting the lightness and invisibility associated with do-it-yourself bat house constructions.

Bat Tower is sited and designed to attract and facilitate bat inhabitation. Located adjacent to a lake,the site boasts an abundance of mosquitoes and other bat-attracting insects. Chives, oregano and other batattracting herbs are planted within the base of the tower. To help facilitate entry, the project's ribbed construction includes a series of "landing pads" near the top of the tower. A pattern of grooves on both vertical and horizontal surfaces allows bats to more easily climb into the tower and cling to its "ceilings."To provide a suitably warm interior for bat roosting,dark wood panels cover the tower's inhabitation zone in order to absorb sunlight.

Bat Tower is a built installation designed to bring visibility to the presence of bats, and to increase public awareness of bats as a critical component of our ecosystem. Bats are effective as natural pesticides,pollinators, and mosquito abatement. Yet they are often considered as a kind of urban pest, and are frequently exterminated by human-run "pest control"services. Their very survival is also being challenged by White Nose Syndrome, a disease which has inexplicably been wiping out large bat populations in northeastern United States.□

2 生态系统草图/Ecosystem sketch

3 外景/Exterior view

4 轴测爆炸图/Exploded axonometric

5 外部散热片/Exterior fi ns

6 外部布莱叶点字法切割面/Exterior Braille

项目信息/Credits and Data

地点/Location: 格里菲斯雕塑公园，东奥托，纽约州，美国/Griきs Sculpture Park, East Otto, NY, USA

资助/Grant Funding: 项目的设计和施工由纽约州艺术委员会的“独立项目资金”和范阿伦协会的项目赞助支持；装置由纽约州/大学职业联合会的“努阿拉·麦根·德雷舍尔博项目”资助/Design and construction made possible with an Independent Projects Grant from the New York State Council on the Arts (NYSCA) and the Van Alen Institute as the project's Fiscal Sponsor; Installation made possible with a grant from the New York State/United University Professions'Dr. Nuala McGann Drescher Program

主持建筑师/Principal Architect: Joyce Hwang

设计合作/Design Collaborators: Thomas Giannino, Micahel Pudlewski, Laura Schmitz, Nicole Marple, Mark Nowaczyk

施工合作/Construction Collaborators: Michael Pudlewski,Laura Schmitz, Nicole Marple, Mark Nowaczyk, Dan Dimillo, Matt Salzer, Jacob West

安装合作/Installation Collaborators: Matthieu Bain, Albert Chao, Joshua Gardner, Shawn Lewis, Sergio López-Piñeiro,Nellie Niespodzinski, Mark Nowaczyk, Michael Pudlewski,Joseph Swerdlin, Angela Wu

顾问/Consultants: 生物学/biology: Katharina Dittmar;结构工程师/structural engineer: Mark Bajorek; 施工/construction: Richard Yencer（布法罗分校建筑与规划学院材料与工艺工作室/UB School of Architecture and Planning Materials and Methods Shop）

摄影/Photos: Joyce Hwang, Albert Chao (Fig.3, 7)

7 内景/Interior view

8.9 热成像图/Thermal images

10 平面透视/Plan perspective

11 剖面透视/Section perspective

评论

何可人：在看待蝙蝠和人的关系上，中西方很不相同。北美很多家庭自己会做蝙蝠屋，和鸟屋差不多，没有圆洞但有窄窄的口，扁扁的一个挂在树上。大抵是蝙蝠从窄口里爬进去，倒挂在里面睡觉，很少看到里面的照片。此处的“蝠塔”则更像是一个蝙蝠的圣殿，复杂的形式和非标准的构件，从功能上看似乎是没有完全的必要，蝙蝠自己就需要一个安静、黑暗的角落。但是人给动物做的房子仅仅是为了保护动物本身么？还是为了展示人和动物的关系? 更进一步，是表达了人与人的关系—— 一群人在向另一群人展示自己的决心和手段。

青锋：很难对这个项目做出合理的回应，因为我们不知道从哪个立场出发。作为人类构筑物，我们当然可以讨论材料、建构、形态与意义，但是这都是基于人类建筑的标准，与蝙蝠有什么关系？作为蝙蝠的栖居地，我们无法知晓蝙蝠的感受。如果以蝙蝠为基点，那么我们所有的建筑学理念与原则都不能适用，这个困境反而提醒我们，建筑在多大程度之上是以人类中心主义为基础的。对于“蝠塔”，我们唯一可以合理判断的是它成功地满足了人类的目的，通过一种特殊的装置提醒人们关注蝙蝠，这同样来自于人类的建筑传统：住宅应该与主人的个性有所对应。

12 蝠塔底部/Base of Bat Tower

13 蝠塔内的蝙蝠粪便/Bat guano in Bat Tower

Comments

HE Keren: There are big differences between the West and East in terms of the relationship between human and the bats. Many North American families make bat houses themselves, which are very much like bird houses, with only a narrow slip instead of a round hole for bats to crawl in. The Bat Tower here resembles a"temple" for bats with its complex form and unusual structure members. Is it necessary while what the bats really need is a dark and quiet place to sleep? Or,is it more than protecting the bats, rather revealing the relationship between human and animals?Furthermore, it is a group of people showing their attitude and resolution to another group of people.

QING Feng: It is hard to respond to this project due to the absence of a reasonable basis for judgement.If we treat it as a human structure, we can talk about its material, tectonic, typology and meaning, but all these factors are based on human standards. Are they suitable for bats? If we treat it as a structure for bats, the problem is that it is impossible to know whether the bats like it or not. With bats as the arbiter,human architectural thought becomes irrelevant. This predicament reminds us, how much the discipline of architecture evolves around anthropocentrism. For the Bat Tower, the only fi rm judgement we can make is that it satisfies certain human purpose. As an installation,it calls people's attention to bats. This is achieved via a route de fi ned by human tradition as well: a house should correspond to the character of its owner.