陈丽娅 万 跃 施 思 田 浩 张宏伟 朱碧峰 但毕堂 左 靖
湖北省第三人民医院神经内科 湖北省脑血管病诊疗中心,湖北 武汉 430033
随着各种介入手术的广泛开展以及围手术期各种抗血小板、抗凝药物的应用,医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤呈上升趋势,并成为股动脉穿刺术后的主要并发症[1]。自KANG等提出凝血酶注射法后,因简单、疗效迅速而被广泛应用,但存在血栓进入股动脉导致远端血管栓塞的风险[2]。随着临床工作中不断摸索改进,目前已成为股动脉假性动脉瘤的主要治疗方法,尤其适合于体型肥胖、破口较深、大量使用抗栓药物后压迫治疗失败的患者。湖北省第三人民医院神经内科对介入诊治过程中发生、经常规压迫伴加压包扎治疗无效的24例医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤患者进行了超声引导下经皮穿刺瘤腔内凝血酶注射,获得满意疗效。
1.1一般资料2009-06—2017-12在湖北省第三人民医院神经内科行股动脉穿刺全脑血管造影术及血管内各种治疗手术后出现医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤36例,经常规压迫伴加压包扎后好转12例,无效24例行超声引导下经皮瘤腔内凝血酶注射治疗,其中男15例,女9例,年龄51~84(67.6±5.2)岁,瘤腔1~3 (1.45±0.48) 腔,瘤体最大直径(30.25±16.68)mm,瘤口直径(2.62±0.85)mm。所有患者签署相关知情同意书后接受彩超引导下经皮瘤腔内凝血酶注射治疗。
1.2超声评估临床上发现临床症状或体征立即超声评估,并记录以下指标:(1)瘤腔数目;(2)瘤腔距体表距离、瘤腔之间的关系、瘤腔与股动脉的关系,评估操作方法及风险;(3)瘤口的直径、瘤口处最高血流速度;(4)评估股浅、股深及髂外动脉,触摸患肢足背、胫后动脉搏动。
1.3 PFA的治疗确诊为医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者,首先采用穿刺部位压迫伴加压包扎治疗,24~48 h后,局部听诊仍有杂音,复查超声提示瘤腔内与载瘤动脉之间仍有交通血流信号,瘤体内未见血栓形成征象,即给予超声引导下经皮瘤腔内凝血酶注射治疗。取凝血酶1支(500 IU)用2 mL生理盐水稀释连接三通管,另接抽吸2 mL生理盐水的5 mL注射器和22号动脉穿刺针(针长150 mm)。腹股沟区皮肤碘伏消毒铺巾,超声传感器套塑料无菌套,超声定位进针位置及进针方向,回抽5 mL注射器见搏动性回血确定进入瘤腔后,于瘤底部注入凝血酶0.2 mL,每次注射时可见针尖部“闪屏”现象,数秒钟形成血栓,动态监测腔内血栓形成状况,依次推入凝血酶直至瘤腔内血流完全消失。UGTI后加压包扎2 h,观察下肢是否缺血或淤血,局部有无炎症。1周后复查彩超评估瘤腔有无再通,载瘤动脉情况及有无新发瘤腔。
2.1 UGTI结果24例经压迫及加压包扎无效的FPA患者,改用UGTI后,选择瘤底部位进行凝血酶注射的方法,全部患者在注射凝血酶后2 min内可见瘤腔被成功封堵,其中20例单腔团注1次12例,团注2次6例,团注3次2例;3例双腔团注2次2例,团注3次1例;1例3腔团注3次。凝血酶的用量为25~150 (65±40)IU,UGTI的成功率100%。治疗成功后患者疼痛感明显减轻,术后所有患者未发生远端动脉栓塞并发症,无复发病例。
2.2典型病例患者男性,65岁,诊断“症状性左侧颈内动脉重度狭窄、脑梗死、脑动脉硬化、高血压”,行左侧颈内动脉起始部球囊扩张及支架植入术,术后第1天患者诉右侧股动脉穿刺部位疼痛肿胀,体格检查见右侧股动脉穿刺处肿块,局部皮肤张力高,肿块听诊可闻及收缩期吹风样血管杂音,右足背动脉搏动好。行超声发现右侧股动脉内侧52 mm×40 mm液性暗区,其中可见花色血流信号,考虑为假性动脉瘤(图1A)。常规压迫伴加压包扎24 h后,局部听诊仍有血管杂音,复查超声发现瘤腔内与载瘤动脉之间仍有交通血流信号,提示常规压迫伴加压包扎无效,改用UGTI,向瘤腔内团注凝血酶2次,1 min内瘤腔被成功封堵(图1B)。
股动脉假性动脉瘤是经股动脉穿刺后导致的一种血管并发症[3-8],相关文献报道其发生率2%~6%[4]。医源性FAP的危险因素包括医方和患方两个方面。穿刺点过高,压迫困难、易出现腹膜后血肿;穿刺点过低,无骨性结构可供有效压迫止血,易损伤静脉造成静脉瘘,影响穿刺口闭合。文献报道,高血压、肥胖、抗凝、术前血小板指数、透析、穿刺口局部钙化是隐源性FAP患方的危险因素[9-14]。近年来血管封堵装置的应用有效性和安全性得到了广泛认同[15-20]。可并发感染,占位引起局部疼痛,发生远端动脉栓塞甚至肺栓塞[7],部分严重的若破裂出血可能致死[8],故应积极治疗[9]。部分学者认为,直径<2 cm、未经抗凝治疗且无临床症状的假性动脉瘤患者可保守观察而不需做处理,因该类型假性动脉瘤可能在2~4周自发形成血栓,从而封堵破口[10]。目前医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤(FPA)的治疗方法包括压迫及加压包扎法、瘤口外科手术修补法、载瘤动脉覆膜支架植入法及超声引导下瘤腔封堵法。压迫伴加压包扎是处理FPA最常用的方法之一,具有操作简单、费用低的优点,但成功率不高[21-25],且需要较长时间局部用力压迫引起患者不适[26-28],也有诱发深静脉血栓形成的风险。外科修补手术治疗,疗效确切,但创伤大、止血困难、增加患者的费用,LUMSDEN等[13]报道外科手术修复后并发症和病死率分别为21%和2.1%,现已不作为治疗FPA的首选方案。现已不作为治疗FPA的常规方式。覆膜支架植入术也因费用昂贵、对手术者要求高,临床上应用越来越少。
图1 假性动脉瘤术前、术后彩超
超声引导下瘤腔封堵法是指超声引导下向瘤腔中注射生理盐水、凝血酶-明胶、胶原等诱发血栓形成的物质以达到封堵瘤腔的治疗办法[30-35]。超声引导下注射凝血酶的原理是通过外源性凝血酶使血液中纤维蛋白原转为纤维蛋白的单体,随后与激活状态凝血因子Ⅷ及Ca2+共同作用使纤维蛋白单体相互聚合[36-38],导致血栓迅速形成。SNCHEZ-ENCISO等[17]对动脉假性动脉瘤通过超声引导凝血酶应用效果及并发症和随访结果显示,获得了100%的血栓形成,没有假性动脉瘤复发或并发症。UGTI因其简单、安全、疗效迅速且后期血凝块易被机化吸收而被广泛应用,成为首选治疗方式之一[39-40]。MISHRA等[19]认为,超声引导下经皮穿刺注射凝血酶是治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤的一种安全有效的方法。张东竹等[21]研究报道,UGTI成功率明显高于超声引导压迫修复法(UGCR),UGTI操作时间明显短于UGCR,而复发率则显著低于UGCR。UGTI相关并发症发生率可达2%[41-46],治疗成功率高达91%~100%[47-48],但相关并发症主要包括股动脉栓塞、下肢深静脉血栓、肺栓塞、假性动脉瘤腔内感染及过敏反应。甚至有报道称UGTI可与冠状动脉支架血栓形成有关[49-51]。目前多数研究报道使用凝血酶剂量较大,中位注射剂量可达1 200 IU,潜在异位血栓风险高[15,52-53]。文献报道,凝血酶注射方法多数是将针头放置于远离瘤颈的部位注射[27,54-55],但也有采用近瘤颈收缩期分次注射小剂量凝血酶,减少凝血酶用量,取得不错临床效果[28,56]。瘤颈与股动脉之间的载瘤动脉长度与并发症是呈负相关,反复穿刺操作与并发症率呈正相关,载瘤动脉长度<2 mm并发症率明显降低[29,57-58]。此外,在操作的瘤颈较宽瘤颈破口血流速度较快时,注射时压迫瘤颈部减少血栓到达股动脉的机会,减少动脉栓塞并发症的发生[30,59-60]。PEZZULLO等[31]发现,封堵是否成功是由操作医师经验而不是由瘤腔大小决定,凝血酶的用量和成功率与体积无关。在一项德国的大样本研究中,影响凝血酶剂量的因素不是瘤体的尺寸,是股动脉壁的受损方式和程度决定的[32]。本组的36例股动脉假性动脉瘤患者,12例常规压迫伴加压包扎后好转,24例常规压迫伴加压包扎无效的进行超声引导下瘤腔内凝血酶注射,均治疗成功。
超声引导下注射凝血酶及压迫治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤是安全、有效、简便的,超声引导下注射凝血酶已成为临床治疗的首选方法,对于瘤体较小的病例可采用超声引导下压迫治疗,对于压迫治疗失败的病例可选用超声引导下注射凝血酶。
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