刘 丹,张 帅,唐玉姣,尹 静,谭兴伶,陈 茜,于志国,林俊杰*
(1.重庆三峡职业学院农林科技系,重庆 万州 404100;2.重庆三峡学院三峡库区水环境演变与污染防治重庆高校市级重点实验室,重庆 万州 404155;3.南京信息工程大学水文气象学院,南京 210044)
土壤氮素主要以有机氮形态存在,是无机氮的重要来源,其矿化特征对植物养分供给具有重要意义,但其需经微生物转化成铵态氮和硝态氮才能被植物直接利用[1]。而无机氮极易淋溶进入水体,从而增加水体富营养化风险。
特殊的调蓄水制度使三峡支流不同水位高程消落带经历了不同程度的干湿循环[2-3],消落带生源要素周转速率、氧化还原状态、水土界面过程等均发生了明显变化[4-5]。三峡支流蓄水期水流缓慢[6],氮素进入水体不易迁移扩散,可能造成水体富营养化等水生态问题,因此,查明干湿循环条件下,三峡支流消落带沉积物氮矿化动力学过程至关重要。
氮矿化是陆地生态系统氮循环的关键[7],主要受凋落物输入、微生物和酶活性以及根际过程等生物因子[8-10],以及温度、湿度、pH 等非生物因素的影响[11-14]。氮矿化动力学参数可用来衡量氮矿化潜力和供氮能力,通过模型拟合可进行动力学参数估算。氮矿化模型按有机物分解过程可分为零阶、一阶、双一阶和混阶动力学模型[15-17];按建模方式可分为有效积温模型(EATM)、机理模型和功能模型[18];按有机氮性质分为One-pool、Two-pool、Special及多氮库模型[19]。张玉玲等[20]研究表明,Special模型是长期施肥水稻土氮矿化过程的最佳模型;卢红玲等[21]研究黄土高原石灰性土壤氮矿化模型发现,Two-pool和Special模型优于One-pool和有效积温模型,且Special模型淹水条件下更优;Gil等[22]研究发现,Special模型更适合长期施肥后土壤氮矿化过程模拟;Li等[23]研究上海地区水稻土壤氮矿化模型发现,Two-pool和Special模型对氮矿化的过程模拟效果最好,且Special模型的参数最优;Camargo等[24]对巴西南部土壤氮矿化过程进行模型拟合,发现One-pool和Two-pool模型拟合效果较好,但参数估算过程较为复杂;刘青丽等[25]研究表明,在变温条件下有效积温模型能更好地模拟土壤氮矿化过程,而指数模型能较好地描述氮矿化对水分变化的响应。可见,查明不同环境条件下氮矿化动力学最佳模型至关重要。
本研究以三峡支流彭溪河消落带为研究对象,从有机氮分解过程角度结合 One-pool、Two-pool、Special、EATM对消落带沉积物氮矿化过程进行了拟合,通过多元回归建立了基本理化性质与拟合参数的估算方程,旨在为查明三峡支流水体富营养化频发和消落带植被适生性下降等问题提供科学依据。
三峡库区特殊的调蓄水制度使得库区水位在145~175 m之间呈年际周期性涨落。本研究于2015年6月库区水位最低、消落带裸露期间采集三峡支流澎溪河上游(渠口镇)和下游(双江镇)两个水文断面的低水位(150 m)和高水位(170 m)高程的表层(0~15 cm)沉积物样品,每个水位高程由3个随机采样点组成(图1)。采集的原状新鲜样品于4℃保存,一部分用于氮矿化培养实验,另一部分经冻干、剔除植物根系、过筛后用于基本理化性质测定。
2013—2017年三峡库区万州水文站水位波动和水位高程与淹水时间的关系见图2。消落带水位高程和淹水时间呈显著负相关,水位越低淹水时间越长,150 m水位高程淹水时间约325 d·a-1,主要集中在8月至次年6月,170 m水位高程主要淹水时间约123 d·a-1,主要集中 10 月至次年 1 月。
采用连续淹水厌氧培养法对氮矿化速率进行了测定[26],具体步骤如下:准确称取10.00 g经预处理样品于50 mL培养瓶,按水土比2∶1加入去离子水,以高纯氮(>99.99%)保持厌氧,控制氧气<1×10-6,使体系始终处于厌氧状态,密封,每个样品3次重复,于35℃恒温培养箱中避光培养[27]。分别于第3、7、14、21、28 d破坏性取样,因厌氧条件,故不考虑NO-3-N变化,只测定 NH+4-N 含量[28]。
图2 水位高程与淹水时间之间的关系Figure 2 Relationship of water level altitude with flood time
pH值采用0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2浸提法测定,有机质(OM)采用重铬酸钾容量法测定,NH+4-N采用靛酚蓝比色法测定,NO-3-N采用2 mol·L-1KCl浸提比色法测定,沉积物粒径组成采用比重法测定,总磷(P)采用碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法测定,总碳(C)和总氮(N)用元素分析仪(意大利EA3000)测定,溶解性有机碳(DOC)用总有机碳分析仪测定(TOC-VCPN)。
1.5.1 One-pool模型
One-pool模型是在一阶指数模型基础上提出的,假设氮库由单一组分组成,具体如下[29]:
式中:Nm为累积氮矿化量,mg·kg-1;N 为总氮含量,g·kg-1;fd为易矿化氮占总氮比值,%;kd为易矿化氮矿化速率常数,d-1。
1.5.2 Two-pool模型
将有机氮库分为两部分,即易矿化氮库和难矿化氮库,具体如下[30]:
式中:kr为难矿化氮矿化速率常数,d-1。
1.5.3 Special模型
Special模型是在双库氮矿化模型基础上提出的,假设氮库存在一个较稳定且较慢矿化的部分,且该部分更符合零阶方程,具体如下[31]:
式中:kt为较慢矿化部分矿化速率常数,d-1。
1.5.4 有效积温模型(EATM)
有效积温模型是以温度为主导因素的模型,具体如下[32]:
式中:T为培养温度,℃;T0为基点温度,℃;t为培养时间,d;k和n为矿化常数。n<1时,单位有效积温所矿化氮量随培养时间的增加逐渐减少;n>1时相反。
利用Microsoft Excel 2010对数据进行处理,利用SigmaPlot 12.0对四种氮库模型进行拟合及绘图,利用IBM SPSS Statistic 20对数据进行统计分析,并通过多元逐步回归分析建立基于沉积物基本理化性质的氮矿化动力学参数估测方程,用调整的确定系数和均方根误差判断模型优劣。
模型调整的确定系数(R2adj)公式为:
式中:n指观测样品数;R2为模型确定系数;M为变量个数,理论上R2adj位于0~1之间,其越接近1,表明模型模拟越准确。
均方根误差(RMSE)公式为:
式中:ym指观测值;yp指估测值。RMSE越小,表明预测误差越小,模型精度越高。
沉积物基本理化性质见表1。从表1可知,研究区沉积物C、N、C/N、OM在低水位高程含量更高,而P与之相反,DOC在水位高程分布上无显著差异。沉积物粘粒和粉粒在水位高程上分布表现为低水位高程>高水位高程,而砂砾与之相反。总体上,砂砾>粉粒>粘粒。NH+4-N表现为低水位高程>高水位高程,而NO-3-N分布与其相反。
对三峡支流消落带沉积物氮矿化过程采用Onepool、Two-pool、Special及有效积温模型进行拟合见图3,模型参数见表2。在水位高程上,净氮矿化累积量均表现为低水位高程大于高水位高程,且随时间延长显著增加(P<0.05);有效积温模型对不同水位高程沉积物矿化情况进行拟合得到的n值均小于1,表明单位有效积温所矿化氮量随培养时间的增加逐渐减少。k值代表矿化强度,相关分析表明,k值与累积矿化氮呈显著正相关。One-pool模型在低水位高程Nd值最大,RMSE值最低,Special模型在高水位高程Nd值最大,RMSE值最低。
将氮矿化模型拟合参数与沉积物基本理化性质进行相关分析(表 3),结果表明,fd与 C、N、C/N、NH+4-N、OM、粉粒呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与砂砾、NO-3-N呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);kd与C、N、C/N、NH+4-N、OM、粉粒呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与砂砾、NO-3-N呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。可见,C、N、C/N、OM、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、粉粒和砂砾可能为预测沉积物氮矿化动力学参数的决定因子。
将模型参数fd和kd作为因变量,利用相关性分析所得预测沉积物氮矿化动力学参数的决定因子(C、N、C/N、OM、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、粉粒和砂砾)作为自变量进行多元逐步线性回归,建立的模型参数预测方程见表4。从表4可知,氮矿化动力学模型参数fd和kd可用C/N和OM进行估算,模型参数fd和kd的R2adj分别为0.985和0.963,RMSE分别为0.006和0.000 4,P值均小于0.01。可见,该预测方程可较好地预测消落带氮矿化模型参数fd和kd。
表1 消落带沉积物基本理化性质Table 1 Physico-chemical properties of the sediments in the WLF zone
图3 沉积物氮矿化模型拟合Figure 3 Model fitting of soil nitrogen mineralization kinetics
表2 沉积物氮矿化动力学参数拟合Table 2 Fitted parameters for the nitrogen mineralization kinetic models
表3 氮矿化动力学参数与沉积物理化性质相关性Table 3 Pearson′s correlation between kinetic parameters and soil physio-chemical properties
澎溪河消落带沉积物C、N、C/N、NH+4-N、NO-3-N含量随水位高程变化差异显著(表1),其中,C、N、C/N和NH+4-N随水位高程降低而增加,而NO-3-N含量随水位高程降低而降低。可能原因为,一方面,低水位高程淹水胁迫时间较长(年淹水时间为325 d),缺氧条件下NH+4-N向NO-3-N转化受限,且NH+4-N带正电荷,易被沉积物吸附,不易流失,表现为NH+4-N累积[33];另外,沉积物NO-3-N带负电荷溶水性,使其更易进入水体[34-35],表现为NO-3-N流失;同时,还原条件下沉积物碳氮矿化较慢,可能是导致低水位高程C、N和C/N较高的原因。另一方面,高水位高程淹水时间较短(年淹水时间为123 d),落干条件下沉积物暴露于空气中,NH+4-N易通过硝化作用转化为NO-3-N,且可通过 NH3形式挥发而损失[36-38],表现为 NH+4-N 流失、NO-3-N累积。而植被适生性、多样性和生物量等均随高程增加而增强(大)[39],可能与沉积物NH+4-N和NO-3-N分布存在一定内在联系。另外,沉积物氮矿化累积量培养前期快速上升,后期趋于稳定,这与顾春朝等[40]所得结果一致。可能原因为,一方面,淹水初期,厌氧微生物迅速繁殖并将有机氮分解为铵态氮。随着培养时间延长,铵态氮积累,厌氧微生物数量饱和。李建兵等[41]研究表明,过高的铵态氮可能抑制微生物生长,使氮矿化累积量趋于稳定。另一方面,短期培养过程中氮矿化主要来自易分解氮库,这部分氮库受团聚体等物理化学保护较弱,易被优先分解矿化。随着培养时间延长易分解氮消耗殆尽,而沉积物中难分解氮库组分受团聚体等物理化学作用保护较强,难于分解矿化[42-43]。
四种氮矿化动力学模型均能够较好拟合消落带沉积物氮矿化动力学过程,其中One-pool模型对低水位高程拟合RMSE值最小,效果最好;Special模型对高水位高程拟合RMSE值最小,效果最好。消落带沉积物氮素矿化过程中,不同水位高程沉积物易矿化氮库矿化势(Nd)存在显著差异(表2),表现为在低水位高程高于高水位高程,沉积物C、N、C/N、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、OM、粉粒、砂砾与沉积物易矿化氮库矿化势(fd)和易矿化速率(kd)显著相关,受沉积物理化性质影响较大。刘杏认等[44]研究表明,在一定湿度范围内含水量增加使沉积物氮矿化速率增加。Harrison-Kirk等[45]的研究表明土壤质地会影响土壤含水量和通气孔隙,从而影响氮矿化过程。Hanan等[13]的研究表明pH的变化会对氮矿化过程产生影响。林俊杰等[46]研究表明,消落带沉积物氨化、硝化及净氮矿化速率与其N本底值正相关。氮矿化动力学参数估算表明,C/N和OM是控制模型参数fd和kd的关键因素。Haer等[47]研究表明,OM含量和粘粒比例是影响印度耕地沉积物氮矿化动力学参数估算的主要因素;Schomberg等[48]的研究表明C和N是预测土壤氮矿化潜力的主要因素;周吉利等[49]研究表明,微生物量碳和pH值决定了中亚热带红壤区沉积物的氮矿化过程。此外,本研究尚未考虑季节性温度升高与干湿循环耦合关系对消落带表层沉积物氮矿化动力学过程的影响,在未来的工作中需进一步研究。
干湿循环加速了消落带氮矿化动力学过程,增加了低水位高程消落带沉积物易矿化氮重新淹水后大量进入水体的风险,One-pool模型和Special模型分别是低水位和高水位高程氮矿化动力学拟合的最佳模型,其动力学参数与沉积物C、N、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、OM、C/N、粉粒和砂砾显著相关;且C/N和OM可用于氮矿化动力学模型参数估算,对深入理解三峡支流消落带沉积物氮矿化机制与消落带植被适生性下降、水体富养化之间的关系具有指示意义。
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