山东 赵厚军
动词不定式、动名词或名词性从句等用作主语时,在句式上容易造成“头重脚轻”而使句式不平衡,所以往往用it作形式主语,把真正的主语放在后面,此时的it没有任何意义。
在初中阶段,it作为形式主语时常常用在以下几种句型中:
it代替真正的主语——动词不定式(短语)。形容词应是能表示逻辑主语的性质、特征、程度等的词,常见的有interesting,sorry,happy,glad,difficult,easy等。例如:
①It's nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。
②It's very interesting to read your email.读你的电子邮件很有趣。
③It was very difficult to tell his exact age.很难说出他的确切年纪。
④It is easier to lose friends than to make friends.失去朋友比交朋友更容易。
it代替真正的主语——动词不定式(短语)。动词不定式的逻辑主语是由介词of引起的,形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语性格特点的词。常见的有bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good(好心的),honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,nice(有教养的),polite,rude,silly,stupid,wise,wrong等。例如:
①It is kind of you to invite us.您太好了邀请我们。
②It is wrong of me to pick up your umbrella.错拿了你的伞,这是我的不对。
③It was honest of him to tell me the truth.他诚实地跟我说了实话。
it代替真正的主语——动词不定式(短语)。动词不定式的逻辑主语是由介词for引起的,形容词通常是描述事物重要性、紧迫性、频繁程度、难易、安全等情况的词。常见的有 important,necessary,natural,easy,safe,common,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant等。例如:
①It is important for her to come to the party.能来参加聚会对她来说很重要。
②It is difficult for him to do the math problem.做这道数学题对他来说是困难的。
③It's very dangerous for you to run so fast.你跑得这么快是很危险的。
it代替真正的主语——动名词(短语),可用于这类句型的名词或形容词有dangerous,nice,foolish,worth,waste,no good,not any good,no use,not any use等。例如:
①It's nice seeing you.很高兴见到了你。
②I thought it was worth buying that book.我认为值得买那本书。
③It is a waste of time talking about it with him.同他谈这件事是浪费时间。
④It is no good reading in dim light.在昏暗的灯光下看书是不好的。
it代替真正的主语——that引导的主语从句。由于主句中的形容词不同,that后的从句中要用虚拟语气的“should+动词原形”形式,有时should可以省略。例如:
①It was right that I should be present.我自然应当到场。
②It is necessary that he(should)remember these words.他应记住这些话是必要的。
③It is important that he(should)be quiet.他该保持安静是重要的。
it代替真正的主语——that引导的主语从句。该句型结构常译为“据说(据报道,据悉……)”,可用于这类句型的过去分词还有known,thought,told,believed,hoped,announced(宣称),expected(预期)等。例如:
①It's said that his father has come back from Hong Kong.据说他父亲已从香港回来了。
②It was reported that the railway was built in 2010.据报道,那条铁路是在2010年修建的。
③I let it be known that I was not interested.我让其他人知道我对此不感兴趣。
④Has it been decided that we shall go by train?已经决定我们乘火车去了吗?
it代替真正的主语——that引导的主语从句。可用于该句型的名词词组有an honor,a good thing,a fact,a surprise,a pity,a shame(耻辱),a question,good news等。例如:
①It's a pity that you missed the exciting football match.可惜你错过了这场精彩的足球赛。
②It's a wonder that you could finish such a hard task.你能完成如此艰巨的任务真是个奇迹。
③It is good news that our team has won the championship.我们队赢得冠军是个好消息。
it代替真正的主语——动词不定式(短语)。全句意为“做……要花费某人……”,其中的sb.sometime/money是双宾语,表示时间或金钱的词作直接宾语。例如:
①It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.修建长城花费了数千人许多年的时间。
②It will take a whole day to get to the top of the mountain on foot.步行到山顶将花费一整天的时间。
③It takes a lot of money to buy a house.买一所房子要花一大笔钱。
it代替真正的主语——that引导的主语从句。seem作为动词,意为“似乎……”。类似的动词还有appear,happen,look,matter,make等。例如:
①It seemed that we had carried the joke too far.看来我们玩笑开过头了。
②It happened that I went out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。
③It appears that he won't be back until 10 o'clock.看来他要到十点钟才会回来。
④It made us very happy that she was saved.她能化险为夷令我们大家很高兴。