英语“短文改错”面面观

山东 赫艳馨

近几年来，全国部分省市的中考英语试卷中出现了一种和高考题型相类似的新题型——短文改错。据悉，在2018年中考试题中，还会有更多的省市增加短文改错题。短文改错题考查面广，形式灵活，综合性强。很多同学见到这类题就发慌，总会感觉无从下手，从而导致得分率较低。究其原因，无外乎是考生对该题型考查的目的与内容不够清楚，找不到正确的答题切入点。

短文改错是融语法知识与语言技能为一体的综合性英语试题，旨在考查学生对语言的判断和对文章改错的能力，以及对词汇、语法和语篇三要素的把握能力。学生不仅要在语篇中能发现错误，更要能够纠正错误。

中考试卷中，短文改错题的考查形式主要有符号标注型短文改错和不加提示型短文改错。本文拟对这两种题型做简要分析，并就答题技巧谈谈个人看法。

一、符号标注型

符号标注型短文改错题多以记叙文为主，话题比较常见，文章以简单句为主，篇章的难易程度符合初中学生的认知水平。该类题型的形式如下：给出一段短文，将其排列10～12行，其中有一行或者数行无错误，其他有标注每行中多一词、少一词或者某个词不正确。句子中的错词、多词或缺词处已经用符号标出，以作为提示。

【考查要点】

在符号标注型短文改错题型中，错词多以实词为主，多词和缺词多以虚词为主。多词常常涉及某些名词前误加冠词，某些动词后加不必要的介词（副词），because与so等连词同时用在一个句子中等情况。少词多见于名词前缺少了冠词，动词之后缺少了介词或者副词，复合句中缺少了从句的引导词，动词不定式之前缺少了to等情况。错词多数情况是语法问题，如名词或代词的单复数错误、代词的错误、时态错误、语态错误、词性错误、搭配错误、比较级别错误、同义词混用错误、主谓不一致错误或行文逻辑错误等。

【典题示例】

1.阅读短文，判断标有题号的每一行画线部分和有漏字符号（∧）处是否有错误。如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个“√”；如有错误（每行只有一个），则按下列情况改正：

画线部分为多余的词：把该词写在该行右边的横线上并画上斜线（＼）。

画线部分为错词：在该行右边的横线上写出一个正确的词。

有漏字符号（∧）处缺一个词：在该行右边横线上写出所缺的词。

2017·毕节中考题

My hometown is a beautiful place．

It stands beside the wide river and ①______is rich in fish and rice.And ten years ago,②______it was a poor town.Many people had no jobs.They used∧live a hard life.In the ③______last ten years,great changed have taken ④______place here.The streets have been widened.⑤______

New roads have appeared.Factories,

schools,hospitals and cinemas have been

build one after another.The life of ⑥______for the people has been greatly improved.⑦______

She love my hometown.I love the ⑧______people here.They are still working hardly ⑨______to make it richer and rich,more and ⑩______more beautiful.

2.下面短文中有十处错，每处错皆用底线标出，请将答案填写在答题卡相应的位置上。（每小题只填一词，不得改变原句意思）

2017·雅安中考题

I like riding my bike.Though it is not very new,but it is my best friend. ①______I find∧very convenient to go anywhere ②______with a bike.Ride gives me not only ③______exercise but also pleasure.I use my bike mostly on summer when the weather is ④______warm and dry.It can∧very unpleasant in ⑤______winter when it is cold and rain is pouring down.It can also be very danger.Of ⑥______course I will be very careful on my bike.In facts,accidents are not the only problem.⑦______One day I went to school and come back ⑧______to find his front wheel was missing.It was⑨______a long walk to the repairer's shop.Now I ⑩______have two strong locks.

【参考答案】

1.①a ②But③to ④changes ⑤√ ⑥built⑦去掉for ⑧I⑨hard ⑩richer

2.①去掉but②it③Riding ④in ⑤be⑥dangerous ⑦fact⑧came ⑨my ⑩√

【解题技巧】

考生在解答符号标注型改错题时，首先要从语篇入手，着重把握文章大意；其次，要将注意力转移到句子结构上，从行文逻辑和语法结构两方面对文章进行逐句审查，细致判断；最后，通读改错后的全篇内容，检查是否有误改、漏改之处。在检查过程中，注意一些细节，如果有一时难以改出的地方，可关注改正的语法项目是否有所重复，因为短文改错的考点覆盖广泛，一般不会出现重复考查某一语法项目的情况。

二、不加提示型

不加提示型短文改错题的短文体裁以记叙文居多，题材也会很常见。篇章的难易程度较符号标注型稍简单些，句子以简单句为主，偶尔涉及并列句或复合句。该类题型的形式为：将所给的短文分列10行，无提示性标识，每行中都有一处错误，但不添词，不减词；另一种形式就是不刻意设置行数，也不标示出待修改的具体位置（即无提示痕迹）。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。要求在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词，把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。错的词，在其下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

【考查要点】

不加提示型短文改错题的设错方式为多词、少词、错词。多词主要涉及冠词、介词、连词、助动词、语义重复或行文逻辑等方面；少词主要涉及冠词、介词、连词、副词、助动词或动词不定式符号to等；错词主要涉及冠词、介词、连词、代词、形容词、数词，以及名词的数、格、性和非谓语动词、动词的时态与语态等方面。

【典题示例】

1.假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号∧，并在其下面写出该增加的词。删除：把多余的词用（＼）划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：

1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2.在答题卡的第六节的题上答题；

3.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

2017·枣庄中考题

When I was a baby,my parents often gave me a hug,took me to play on the vegetable garden and took many photo of me,because they cared about my safety and kept me away from any hurt.While I was growing up,they give me more and more“love”,and I thought it began to hurt me.When I was student,they often told me many rules.For example,I wasn't allowed to use me mobile phone.However,I thought I was old enough to do what I wanted to do,so I often talked back to them angry.Later,my teacher has several conversations with us.Finally,we came to know that we really loved each other,but the way to get along with each other was not correct.I regretted for treating them like that.They gave me much chances to make my own decisions．

2.Error correction.Find out the mistake in each line of the passage and then correct it.（本题中不添词,不减词，请在每行中找出错误并改正）

（例如：I stopped talk when the teacher came in. talk-talking）

2017·黑河中考题

Today is the last day for me in junior high school.I can't help cry, ①______but the end of it is the begin of a new life.Maybe the life ②______in senior high school will be even hardest than now. ③______I will have many difficulty tasks,but I will never give up. ④______I am not afraid to make mistake along the way,because I can ⑤______learn many things from them.I used to being a shy person. ⑥______I real need to make more friends in senior high school, ⑦______then I can share many good memories from them. ⑧______Even through I am sad that junior high is over,I want ⑨______to have new experience（经历）in senior high!⑩______

【参考答案】

1.When I was a baby,my parents often gave me a hug,took me to playthe vegetable garden and took manyof me,because they cared about my safety and kept me away from any hurt.While I was growing up,theyme more and more “love”,I thought it began to hurt me.When I wasstudent,they often told me many rules.For example,I wasn't allowed to usemobile phone.However,I thought I was old enough to do what I wanted to do,so I often talked back to them.Later,my teacherseveral conversations with us.Finally,we came to know that we really loved each other,but the way to get along with each other was not correct.I regretted for treating them like that.They gave mechances to make my own decisions.

2.①cry—crying ②begin—beginning③hardest—harder ④difficulty—difficult⑤mistake—mistakes ⑥being—be ⑦real—eally⑧from—with ⑨through—though ⑩experience—experiences

【解题技巧】

在做不加提示型短文改错题时，最好坚持“四条”基本原则：改动以最少为原则；虚词以添加或删除为原则；实词以改变词形为原则；以保持句子原意为原则。

当然，除上述两种改错题型中提及的考查要点外，近几年也出现了一些新的变化，如反义词转换，形近词、同根词的修改，词义相近词的修改等，这种考查要点的比例虽不大，但它们的出现或增多应视为未来中考命题的一个趋势。现将常考的词汇列举如下：

一、语义相反词的转换

这类词有ever-never，up-down，before-after，lendborrow，take-bring，in-out，with-without和there-here等。

二、形近（同根）词的修改

这类词常见的有beside-besides，late-later，nearnearly，most-mostly和like-likely等。

三、词义相近词的修改

这类词常见的有like-as，too-either，ago-before，whether-if，when-while，few-little，many-much，aftersince和in-after等。

考生要想做好短文改错题，还应遵照以下三大解题步骤：

一、通读全文，掌握大意。

在明确了短文改错的题目要求、设错方式、考查意图、解题原则之后，我们要把改错内容当作一篇小短文来理解，这样能对短文有个宏观把握，对上下文有全面的了解，在掌握文章大意的基础上，再进入改错状态。

二、整句分析，逐行推敲。

在理解篇章的基础上，逐句审读，逐行分析，前后兼顾，把明显的、拿得准的错误先改完，以此来缩小包围圈，再逐个击破。在这个过程中，要特别注意“五个一致”，即主谓一致、时态一致、指代一致、数量一致、逻辑一致。

三、反复通读，复查验证。

在初改完短文改错之后，要重新阅读全文，查看改完的短文是否语意通顺、时态一致、合乎逻辑。再次通读初改时感觉别扭的地方，集中精力，仔细推敲，使答案更加准确。

总之，短文改错题集多项语言知识于一身，是对考生英语技能的全方位检验。强化短文改错能力，考生除了应掌握题型的命题规律和答题技巧外，还要通过大量的练习来巩固基础知识、丰富解题经验，从而提高中考英语成绩。