过去完成时态

江苏 李建高

■要点清单

过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。

一、过去完成时的构成

过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。其中had为have/has的过去分词，它可以用于各种人称和数。

二、过去完成时的句式

过去完成时的肯定句由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成；否定句在had之后加not(可缩略为hadn't)；一般疑问句应将助动词had提到句首，答语为“Yes,...had./No,...hadn't.”例如：

He had arrived at the village before 8 o'clock last night.昨晚8点前，他已经到达了那个村子。

Her little brother hadn't finished his homework by the time she went to bed.她上床睡觉的时候，她的弟弟还没有完成家庭作业。

—Had the rain stopped when you left?当你离开的时候，雨停了吗？

—Yes，it had./No，it hadn't.是的，雨停了。/不，雨没停。

三、过去完成时的用法

1.用于表示在过去某一时刻前已经发生的动作或状态，常与before，by，by the end of,by the time,until,when等引导的时间状语或时间状语从句连用。例如：

Jack had fixed the radio before his brother returned.杰克在他的弟弟回来之前，已经修好了收音机。

By the time I got to Tina's house，the party had begun.在我到达蒂娜家之前，派对已经开始了。

Until you told me，I had heard nothing of what happen.直到你告诉我，我才知道发生了什么事。

When I got to the bus stop，the bus had already gone.当我到达公交车站时，公共汽车已经开走了。

2.用于宾语从句中，表示从句的动作或状态发生在主句的谓语动作之前。例如：

He asked what had happened to me.他问我发生了什么事。

Michael said he had never seen such an exciting movie before.迈克尔说他以前从来没有看过这么一部令人兴奋的电影。

3.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常与for，since构成的时间状语连用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 25 minutes when a bus finally came.最终当公共汽车来的时候，我在车站已经等了25分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 2016.他说从2016年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

4.如果句中没有明显的时间状语，那么动作发生的时间先后的顺序，则需要根据上下文来判断。例如：

A few years passed.The dog had grown up.几年过去了，那条狗长大了。

The classroom was quiet.Everybody had gone home.教室里很安静。所有人都已经回家了。

■真题回放

1.By the time I got to the cinema,the movie _____for ten minutes.

【2016·天水中考题】

A.has been on B.had been on C.had stopped D.had begun

【答案与解析】B 考查过去完成时。by the time意为“在……之前”，常引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时；根据“for+时间段”可知，主句的谓语要用延续性动词。句意：在我到达电影院之前，电影已经放映10分钟了。

2.My parents _____ to work by the time I _____up.

【2016·巴中中考题】

A.began;get B.had begun;had got C.had begun;got

【答案与解析】C 考查过去完成时。by the time常引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。句意：在我起床之前，我的父母已经开始工作了。

■学以致用

Ⅰ.根据句意，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择最佳答案。

1.He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all,he _______it for a very long time.

A.had had B.has had

C.had D.has

2.By the end of last month,I _______all the CDs of Justin Bieber.

A.collect B.collected

C.have collected D.had collected

3.—Did you see Mr.Hunt at the train station yesterday morning?

—No.When I got there,he _______.

A.leaves B.had left

C.has left D.left

4.By the time I got back to school,the bell_______.

A.rang B.has rung

C.was ringing D.had rung

5.—How many English words had you learned______?

—About two thousand.

A.by last term

B.by the end of last term

C.before last term

D.at the end of last term

Ⅱ.根据汉语意思完成英语句子,每空一词。

6.到去年年底,她已经写了五本书。

She ______________five books by the end of last year.

7.直到我上床睡觉的时候，爸爸还没有回来。

Dad _____________________by the time I went to bed.

8.史密斯先生去澳大利亚之前已在美国教了十年书。

Mr.Smith ______________in America for 10 years _______ he went to Australia.

9.海伦告诉我，她已经去过西藏三次。

Helen told me she ______________to Tibet three times.

10.—他到达机场的时候，飞机已经起飞了吗？

—是的，已经起飞了。

—_______the plane ______________by the time he got to the airport?

—Yes,_____________ _.

11.自从2014年工厂建成以来你叔叔一直在那儿工作吗？

______your uncle _______in the factory since it opened in 2014?

12.我们到那儿时会议已经进行了半个小时。

The meeting _____________________for half an hour when we got there.