俞剑琴 陈世云 陈超巧 郁引飞 沈丽君
[摘要] 目的 觀察不同剂量的右美托咪定(DEX)、舒芬太尼(SF)对眼科手术中老年患者循环、呼吸系统的影响。方法 选择2016年5月~2017年3月40例表面麻醉下行双眼白内障术的老年患者,年龄60~70岁,ASA Ⅱ级,双眼手术隔日分次施行,采用自身配对设计方法,手术眼别采用数字表法随机选择,首次手术为A组(DEX 4 μg+ SF 1 μg),隔日手术为B组(DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg)。观察记录入室后5 min(T1)、表面麻醉时(T2)、手术开始后10 min(T3)、术后20 min(T4)的平均动脉血压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼吸频率(RR)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PEtCO2)、改良Ramsay镇静评分(MSSR)。 结果 两组患者T1时点的MAP、HR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR与T1时点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR明显低于A组同时点(P<0.01)。两组患者各时点的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2、MSSR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 单次静脉注射不同小剂量的DEX+SF对老年患者的呼吸系统均无不良影响,且产生的镇静效应相似,而静脉注射不同小剂量的DEX+SF会抑制老年患者循环系统,导致血压、心率下降,影响程度与注射剂量呈正相关,静脉注射DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg的剂量能产生10%左右的抑制心血管效应。
[关键词] 右美托咪定;舒芬太尼;静脉麻醉;老年患者;白内障手术
[中图分类号] R614 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)05-0110-04
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine(DEX) and sufentanil(SF) on circulation and respiration in elderly patients during ophthalmic surgery. Methods 40 elderly patients undergoing bilateral cataract surgery under surface anesthesia, who were aged from 60 to 70 years old, with ASA grade Ⅱ from May 2016 to March 2017 were selected. Binocular surgery was performed on every other day. Self-matching design method was used. And surgical eyes were randomly selected using the digital table method. The patients with the first surgery were as group A(DEX 4 μg+SF 1 μg), and the patients with every other day surgery were as group B(DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg). The mean arterial blood pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR), SpO2, respiratory rate(RR), end-tidal carbon dioxide(PEtCO2), modified Ramsay sedation score(MSSR) at 5 min after entering the room(T1), the time of surface anesthesia(T2), 10 min after operation(T3) and 20 min after surgery(T4) were observed and recorded. Results There were no significant differences in MAP and HR between the two groups at T1(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in MAP, HR between T2, T3 and T4 compared with T1 in the group A(P>0.05). The MAP and HR in group B were significantly lower than those in group A at T2, T3 and T4(P<0.01). There were no significant differences in SpO2, RR, PEtCO2 and MSSR between the two groups at each time point(P>0.05). Conclusion A single intravenous injection of different doses of DEX+SF has no adverse effect on the respiratory system in elderly patients and produces similar sedation effects. However, intravenous injection of different doses of DEX+SF can inhibit circulatory system in elderly patients, resulting in the decrease of blood pressure and heart rate. The degree of influence is positively related to injection dose. Intravenous injection of DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg can produce about 10% of cardiovascular inhibition effects.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Sufentanil; Intravenous anesthesia; Elderly patients; Cataract surgery
白内障等眼部疾病是老年人易患的疾病,常使老年患者的生活质量严重下降。眼科手术所需的麻醉方法常为表面麻醉、球后神经阻滞等局部麻醉方法,其手术、麻醉对全身创伤虽小,但术前术中的用药、紧张情绪、手术刺激、疼痛、麻醉、眼心反射等均能增加老年患者手术期的危险性[1-3]。手术中应用镇静、镇痛药能降低这种风险,如咪达唑仑、丙泊酚和芬太尼,但较易引起呼吸抑制、躁动,影响手术的顺利进行[4,5]。右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,DEX)是高选择特异性的α2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂,具有催眠、镇静及镇痛作用,但大剂量使用会引起血压和心率的下降[6-8]。本研究通过观察静注不同剂量的DEX、舒芬太尼(Sufentanil,SF)对老年患者循环、呼吸系统的影响,探讨其合适的使用方法。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料
选择2016年5月~2017年3月40例表面麻醉下行双眼白内障术的患者,年龄60~70岁,ASA Ⅱ级,双眼手术隔日分次施行,采用患者自身配对设计方法,手术眼别采用数字表法随机选择,首次手术为A组,隔日手术为B组。所有患者无严重呼吸、循环及其他心脑血管疾病、自主神经系统类疾病,术前未使用任何影响中枢神经、呼吸、循环系统功能的食物和药物。
1.2麻醉方法
所有患者均采用1%盐酸丙美卡因(s.a. ALCON-COUVREUR n.v.,国药准字H20090082,规格15 mL∶75 mg)表面麻醉复合静脉麻醉。入手术室后开放静脉输液通道,采用麻醉监护仪间隔5 min连续监测无创平均动脉血压(Mean Arterial blood pressure,MAP)、心率(Heart rate,HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(Pulse oximetry,SpO2)、经一侧鼻孔放入麻醉气体监测采样管监测呼吸频率(Respiratory rate,RR)、呼吸末二氧化碳分压(Pressure of end-breathing carbon dioxide partial,PEtCO2)。手术消毒铺巾前5 min经静脉缓慢注射DEX(4 μg/mL,江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司,国药准字H20090248,规格2 mL∶200 μg)、SF(1 μg/mL,宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,国药准字H20054171,规格1 mL∶50 μg)混合液,其中A组注入1 mL混合液、B组注入2 mL混合液。所有患者术中均吸入空气。如心率<50次/min,静注阿托品0.5 mg;如血压低于90/60 mmHg,则静脉推注麻黄碱10 mg。手术结束后送入麻醉恢复室观察30 min。
1.3 观察指标
观察记录入室后5 min(T1)、表面麻醉时(T2)、手术开始后10 min(T3)、术后20 min(T4)的MAP、HR、SpO2、RR、PEtCO2。改良Ramsay镇静评分(Modified sedation score with Ramsay,MSSR)[9,10]:1分:患者摇头、躁动不安;2分:患者有时躁动,与医生交流后配合;3分:患者安静配合医生;4分:嗜睡,对轻叩眉间或大声听觉刺激反应敏捷:5分:嗜睡,对轻叩眉间或大声听觉刺激反应迟钝;6分:嗜睡,无任何反应。
1.4统计学处理
采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,组内比较采用单因素重复测量设计的方差分析,组间比较采用成对样本t检验分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者MAP、HR比较
A组患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR与T1时点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B組患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR明显低于T1时点(P<0.01)。两组患者T1时点的MAP、HR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR明显低于A组同时点(P<0.01)。见表1。
2.2 两组患者SpO2、RR、PEtCO2比较
两组患者T2、T3时点的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2与T1时点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者T1、T2、T3时点的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组患者不同时点MSSR比较
两组患者T1、T2、T3时点的MSSR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
3讨论
白内障是导致老年人生活质量急剧下降的高发疾病之一,微创白内障超声乳化手术因创伤小深得医患的青睐。但老年患者常并发循环、呼吸系统等疾病,如高血压、冠心病、支气管肺炎、肺气肿等。围术期的各种不良应激反应均可能加剧原有疾病,导致出血性脑血管病、心绞痛、心力衰竭等严重后果,而使用过度的镇静、镇痛药物更容易使老年患者产生低氧血症和呼吸衰竭等不良后果[11,12]。右美托咪定联合阿片类药物广泛用于患者手术后的镇痛,镇痛效应确切,对呼吸的影响甚微,但易发生心动过缓、血压过低等不良反应[13-15]。老年人输注右美托咪定常因患者的低血容量、迷走神经兴奋和应用药物剂量,易导致严重窦缓、低血压及术后昏睡,与DEX激动中枢神经突触前后膜α2受体、抑制交感神经及抑制去甲肾上腺素的释放有关,且对急性疼痛的镇痛效应并不完善。这对于有心脏疾病或有心血管隐患疾病的老年患者而言有致命风险[16-18]。舒芬太尼是一种特异性μ-受体激动剂的强效阿片类镇痛药,具有良好的稳定血液动力学功能,可满足心肌足够的氧供应。但大剂量的舒芬太尼有可能引起缩瞳、肌肉僵直、欣快感和心动过缓等不良反应[19,20]。如何加强其临床使用的安全性、提高其有效性的研究已成为临床麻醉研究的重要方向之一,本研究将药物对老年患者的循环、呼吸功能影响列为重要评价指标。
首先,本文觀察到两组患者不同时点的镇静深度MSSR组间、组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明静脉注射两种剂量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼产生的镇静效应相似。本研究中,各时点药物对老年患者的循环系统的影响效应组内比较:A组患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR与T1时点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),表明静脉注射右美托咪定4 μg+舒芬太尼1 μg不会抑制老年患者循环系统,导致血压、心率下降;而B组患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR明显低于T1时点(P<0.01),说明静脉注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg能够抑制老年患者循环系统,血压、心率下降幅度在10%左右;各时点药物对老年患者的循环系统的影响效应组间比较:在T1时点,两组患者的MAP、HR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而B组患者T2、T3、T4时点的MAP、HR明显低于A组同时点(P<0.01),说明静脉注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg较静脉注射右美托咪定4 μg+舒芬太尼1 μg对老年患者的循环系统能产生较强的抑制效应,导致血压、心率下降。本研究中,各时点药物对老年患者的呼吸系统的影响效应组间比较:两组患者各时点的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);且组内比较中:两组患者T2、T3时点的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2与T1比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),这说明静脉注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg或右美托咪定4 μg+舒芬太尼1 μg对老年患者呼吸功能的不良影响程度相似,进一步表明注射不同小剂量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼对老年患者的呼吸能力及氧合能力均无不良影响。
综上所述,单次静脉注射不同小剂量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼对老年患者的呼吸系统均无不良影响,而静脉注射不同小剂量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼会抑制老年患者循环系统,导致血压、心率下降,影响程度与注射剂量呈正相关,静脉注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg的剂量能产生10%左右的抑制心血管效应。该用药方法可安全用于老年患者,但本研究未观察静脉注射不同小剂量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼对高龄患者或高血压患者或患有肺部疾病的老年患者的不良影响,有待进一步完善观察。
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(收稿日期:2017-08-07)