刘平平
摘要:英语短文改错是高中英语教学的主要内容之一,也是高考的必考题目,主要测试学生发现、判断、纠正语法错误的能力,其错误一般主要是词法、句法、习惯用语和固定词语的使用、逻辑等方面的错误。这里主要是通过具体事例对英语短文改错进行归类,找出基本规律,提高学生的改错能力。
关键词:英语短文;词法错误;句法错误;逻辑错误
高考英语短文改错题的目的是测试学生发现、判断、纠正语法错误的能力,文章多采用记叙文,偶尔也为说明文,长度为100词左右。多年来此题考生得分率一直偏低,考生对于改错的基本规律不够了解是重要原因之一。
短文改错的错误一般有词法错误、句法错误、习惯用语或固定词组使用错误和逻辑错误。现通过高考试题分析如下:
一、词法错误
1.名词:名词主要考查名词的数、可数名词和不可数名词的易混性、近(同)义词辨析、名词与其它词类的相混性。
【例1】(NMET2015) One day, Tony went to a shop center with his parent. (parent -- parents)
【例2】(NMET2001) They did not want me to do any work at family.
(family- home at home意思是“在家”, family意思是“家庭”)
2.动词:动词考查的内容很多,主要有:时态、语态、主谓一致、动词搭配等。
【例1】(NMET2002) I remembered her words and calm down. (and连接两个谓语动词根据连词的并列关系可确定应用一般过去时,所以calm改为 calmed)
【例2】[NMET2006] We had guests last night who have not stayed in a E& B hotel ago. (主句用了一般过去时态,因此have改为had).
【例3】[NMET2002)Now my picture and the prize is hang-g in the library. ( my picture and the prize表示两件东西, is改为are)
3.形容词、副词:主要考查形容词、副词易错用的情况、易混形容词、副词的错用以及级别错误等。
【例1】(NMET2006) They came back lately and had some tea.(lately意为“最近”, 改为late意为“迟,晚”)
【例2】(NMET2004) I would describe myself as shy and quietly. (quietly改为 quiet,与shy构成并列关系)
4.介词:介词主要考查:易混介词的错用、介词的遗漏介词的多用等。
【例1】(NMET1999)There are too many people among my family. ( among改为in)
【例2】(NMET2003春季北京) On one year the average child will see 25000 television commercials. (on 改为 in,表示在某年用in)
5.冠词:冠词主要考查:冠词的错用、冠词的遗漏、冠词的多用等。
【例1】(NMET2002) As everyone knows,its famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. (mountain是可数名词famous前要加a)
【例2】(NME202北京) If this doesnt work, bring in friend that you feel comfortable, and have him or her help you. (bring in friend之间加 a, friend是可数名词)
6.代词:代词主要考查:代词的错用、代词的遗漏、代词的多用。
【例1】(NMET1996) The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (his改为 their)
【例2】(NMET2000) The day before the speech contest English teacher talked to me. (这里 English teacher应是“我的英语老师”在 English teacher前加my).
二、句法错误
从句法上来看,主要包括主谓一致、倒装句、简单句、复合句等方面的错误。
1.主谓一致:【例】 (NMET2000) Now my picture and the price is hang-ing in the library. (is改为are)
2.定语从句:定语从句主要考查:关系代词或关系副词的错用。
【例1】(NMET1997) I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. ( where改为 which)
【例2】 (NMEm2006福建) Everybody sleeps in tents, that is very exciting. (that改为 which, that不能引导非限制性定语从句)
3.关联词:关联词方面的错误包括:关联词的错用、多用、遗漏。
【例】(NMET2000春招) It is a very important exam but I can t afford to fail it. (将but变为and或so, 此处没有转折的意味)
三、习惯用语,固定词组的使用错误
【例1】(NMET2003春招) I feel sorry to him,but. (to改为for,“feel sorry for sb/sth”表示“为……感到难过”)
【例2】(NMET2003)My teacher advised me to keep my diary.(变my为a,记日记应为“keep a diary或 keep diaries”)
四、逻辑错误
行文逻辑错误几乎每年都有一题,考生必须通读全文理顺文章中句子间的内在联系,从而找到一处与上下文有冲突的错误。
【例1】(NMET2000) Now,I cant watch much television,but a few years ago, I used to watch it every night. (讀下文可知,全家人为了能看到自己喜欢的电视节目互相争执,各不相让,最后只能把电视机卖掉,把电视机卖掉后,就看不到任何节目,而不是看不到许多节目,所以much应删去。)
【例2】(NMET2001) Do they really understand their own daughter? What things are in other homes, I wonder. (阅读全文可知,父母把我当客人,他们对我不理解,我就必然会感到很纳闷,问:别人家的情况会怎么样呢?显然,应将what改为how表示“……怎么样?”)