韩四化
自2014年全国卷开始采用考语法填空以来,四年10套全国卷中,涉及名词考点的达26题,每年每套题考查2到4个小题。具体情况如下表所示(注:表中“空”指语法填空,“错”指短文改错):
由上表可知,在语法填空中考查名词的复数形式和名词在句中的用法,在短文改错中主要考查名词的单复数错误和名词的修饰语。考查的重点是名词的单复数和名词在句中的用法。
考点一:名词的单复数。
1. 不可数名词。只有单数形式,没有复数形式。常见的不可数名词有fun,advice,information,knowledge,progress,luck,health,wealth,weather,nature,music,clothing,furniture,equipment,baggage,luggage,housework,homework,traffic,laughter,chalk,meat,grain,tea,bread,coffee,gas,rain,snow,water,wind,air,jewellery,machinery等。如:
(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
解析:因information是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故将informaitons改为information。
(2016年全国Ⅱ卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.
解析:因knowledge(知识,学问)是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故将knowledges改为knowledge。
2. 可数名词。其数量大于一时,一定要用复数形式。如:
(2014年全国Ⅱ卷)For example,we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.
解析:hour是可数名词,由修饰语one and a half可知hour应用复数hours。
(2016年全国Ⅲ卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.
解析:year为可数名词,由“13到19岁”可知year用复数形式years。
考点二:名词的用法。
名词在句中可以作主语、宾语(及物动词或介词后),也可以作表语或补语等。名词前常有“冠词或形容词性物主代词(+形容词)”,在做语法填空时,如果空前有the,my,your, her,his,its,our,their等时,通常用括号中所给词的名词形式填空。如:
(2016全国Ⅱ卷)Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ________ (achieve).
解析:作介词of的宾语要用名词,故填achievement。
(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
解析:作介词with的宾语要用名词,或者在冠词the后要用名词,表示“采用,引入”,故填 introduction。
(2017年全国Ⅲ卷)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate).
解析:作介词with的宾语,或在形容词性物主代词her后,要用名词,故填education。
(2016年全国Ⅰ卷)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top________ (attract).
解析:在“形容词性物主代词(its)+形容词(top)”后用名詞,故填attraction。句意:但对于像我这样的游客,熊猫是最吸引人的事物。
(2016年全国Ⅰ卷)...the key to his success is honest.
解析:“他成功的关键是诚实的”显然不通顺,应改为“他成功的关键是诚实”,即把honest改为honesty,名词作表语。
考点三:名词的修饰语或代替语。
△只能修饰可数名词的有many, one and a half, three, several, a few, a number of, one of, each of, a series of, a group of, a couple of, these, those, both, dozens of, scores of, tens of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, billions of等,其后的可数名词要用复数形式。
△只能修饰不可数名词的有much,a bit of,(a)little (少),a great deal of, a large amount of等。
△既可修饰可数名词(复数),也可修饰不可数名词的有some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a large quantity of, quantities of, masses of等。
(2015年全国Ⅰ卷)Much rare animals are dying out.
解析:much只能修饰不可数名词,修饰可数名词复数animals要用many。
(2014年全国Ⅱ卷)We dont need to do so many homework.
解析:many是修饰可数名词复数的,修饰不可数名词homework要用much。
此外,many和much还可作代词,分别替代可数名词(复数)、不可数名词。如:
(2016年全国Ⅱ卷)Some classmates suggest we go to places of interest nearby. I think that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.
解析:这里是指花费“许多钱”,而钱(money)是不可数名词,替代不可数名词用much不用many。
(2014年全国Ⅰ卷)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and tasty. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.
解析:替代可數名词fruits,用many,不能用much。
考点四:名词的所有格。
名词所有格表示“某某的”。表示人或某些生物的名词后加s。如:Toms father汤姆的父亲,the Childrens Palace少年宫。
表示某人的住所、店铺、诊所等时,其后的名词常被省略。如:at my aunts(home)在我姑姑家,the barbers(shop)去理发店,the chemists药店。
(2011年全国Ⅰ卷)When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.
解析:“我终于到达我的朋友”,显然不通顺,应是“我终于到达我朋友家”,故将friend改为friends,其后的home省略了。
责任编辑 蒋小青