大棚蔬菜土壤重金属污染及其控制的研究进展与展望

2018-03-01 08:56:31陈玉鹏梁东丽刘中华王春玲甄志磊闫昭如
农业环境科学学报 2018年1期
关键词:轮作大棚学报

陈玉鹏 ,梁东丽 ,刘中华 ,王春玲 ,甄志磊 ,闫昭如

(1.山西农业大学城乡建设学院,山西 太谷 030801;2.西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西 杨凌 712100;3.农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100)

随着温室大棚蔬菜栽培年限的延长,土壤重金属不断积累[1],不仅严重影响作物生长发育,也会带来严重的蔬菜食品安全问题,威胁人的健康。近年来,我国设施蔬菜栽培迅速发展,2010年我国的设施蔬菜面积已经达到466.7万hm2,并以每年10%的速度不断增长[2]。设施蔬菜用24%的土地面积提供了50%的蔬菜产量和60%的产值[3],在蔬菜生产中起到至关重要的作用。大棚种植通过人为地控制棚内的小气候,能延长蔬菜生产时间,增加淡季蔬菜的品种和产量,丰富市场供应,提高土地利用率[4]。蔬菜大棚种植多采用高投入、高产出、集约化的栽培措施,生产者为追求高产,往往过量施用化肥、农药及畜禽粪便,这会造成温室土壤中重金属的积累[5-6],导致大棚土壤受到不同程度的污染,对农业生产和人身健康造成威胁。另外,由于日光温室栽培下土壤长期处于封闭的环境,一方面,蔬菜在生长过程中需要频繁灌溉来满足水分要求,随着水分的下渗,会有部分重金属离子向下层土体移动;另一方面,由于温室内部的高温、高湿和高蒸发量,一部分重金属离子还会随水分的蒸发上升到地表。所以,日光温室特殊的水热条件及栽培管理措施将会对重金属在土壤中的迁移累积及形态分布产生一定的影响[7]。

有研究表明,土壤中重金属含量会随棚龄增长呈大幅持续升高的趋势[8],尤其是5年以上大棚,土壤重金属含量显著高于露天菜地[1],土壤重金属在作物体内积累,不仅影响作物自身的生长发育和品质安全,还会威胁人和动物的健康[9],这成为大棚蔬菜持续发展的制约因素,因此,如何在保证大棚正常的生产功能的同时,控制大棚蔬菜的重金属含量成为一项尤为艰巨的任务。本文结合大棚重金属的来源,从植物对重金属吸收和累积的角度,探讨控制土壤污染及减少蔬菜中重金属累积的方法,以期为设施农产品安全生产和土壤污染防治等提供参考。

1 大棚土壤重金属研究现状

1.1 我国大棚土壤重金属污染现状

目前,国内多个省市地区设施蔬菜集散地出现土壤重金属超标现象,各地因种植条件而不同,就污染的普遍性和程度而言,Cd污染最严重,其次为Pb和Cu(表 1)。

1.2 大棚土壤重金属来源

土壤重金属污染主要源于大气沉降、污水灌溉、农业投入品携带(化肥、畜禽粪便及农药等)等,温室土壤污染不存在大气沉降和污水灌溉这两种形式,其主要与施入化肥、畜禽粪便及农药等密切相关(表2)。对不同重金属元素而言,Cd、Cu、Zn污染主要源于过度施肥,而Hg和Pb主要是由农药如杀虫剂和除草剂残留所致[3]。

1.3 土壤重金属含量与大棚种植年限的关系

设施菜地处于封闭或半封闭的特殊环境,雨水淋洗等流失作用小,土地利用频度高,导致重金属长年在棚内积累,其含量也与大棚种植年限有较强相关,具体见表3。

2 大棚土壤重金属污染的控制措施

土壤重金属修复的方法主要有物理修复、化学修复、生物修复和农业生态修复,鉴于设施环境土壤的封闭性和低污染性,最适用的控制措施应属农业生态修复技术,即在原有的耕作方式和管理方法上做出调整,或种植一些特殊植物(不进入食物链的植物)来改善重金属污染的土壤[35]。其主要包括两种方法:①农艺措施,通过合理使用农药、化肥和有机肥,调整耕作管理制度以及作物品种,种植不进入食物链的植物,或利用某些植物对重金属的超累积性进行植物提取,来降低重金属污染的潜在风险;②生态措施,通过控制土壤中生态因子(水分、养分、湿度等)和调节土壤氧化还原电位,来降低重金属的危害。

表1 我国设施蔬菜土壤污染现状Table 1 The present situation of heavy metal pollution in vegetable greenhouses soils in China

表2 我国设施蔬菜大棚土壤重金属来源Table 2 The sources of heavy metal pollution in vegetable greenhouses soils in China

表3 土壤重金属含量与大棚种植年限的关系Table 3 Relationships between soil heavy metal content and planting years of greenhouses

2.1 调控肥力条件

施肥对植物根区环境及污染物迁移能力有较强影响,从而改变土壤-作物系统中重金属的迁移和累积。一方面,化肥中的K+、SO2-4、Cl-等离子能活化土壤中的重金属离子,增加其可交换态含量,提高重金属的生物有效性[36-38]。如土壤铵氮可降低向日葵根际土壤pH值,促进根际碳酸镉的溶解,且施氮肥量越大,土壤中有效态镉含量越高,从而为超富集植物提取更多的镉创造有利条件[39]。另一方面,化肥还能与土壤中重金属离子形成络合物,如磷肥能通过磷酸根与土壤中多种重金属生成磷酸盐化合物,将重金属稳定和固化[40-42],降低重金属的生物可利用性,明显降低蔬菜体内的重金属含量,并较好地修复被污染的旱地土壤[43]。此外,施肥可提高植物对污染物的抗逆性,最大限度减轻重金属对植物生长造成的不利影响。综上所述,施肥能从不同角度改变重金属的生物有效性,故可以通过调控肥力条件来缓解重金属对作物的不利影响。

2.2 添加土壤改良剂

改良剂是通过与重金属离子发生经氧化还原、沉淀、吸附、络合和螯合等化学反应钝化土壤中的重金属,降低其活性,或是以改变土壤的pH、Eh值等理化性质,影响土壤中重金属有效态含量[44],达到治理和修复重金属污染的目的(表4)。

土壤改良剂多为生活中常见的物质,因其经济廉价、来源广泛,适用于治理重金属轻中度污染的土壤。

2.3 作物品种及耕作制度

2.3.1 不同植物对重金属累积的影响

重金属元素在土壤-作物系统中的迁移转化规律不仅受土壤理化性质等因素影响,还与作物的种类、部位、生长期、基因型等有关。不同作物对重金属的积累效应差异较大,富集能力表现为叶菜类>花菜类>根茎类>茄果类>禾谷类,叶菜类如菠菜、芹菜等对重金属有较强的富集能力[54],且对不同重金属的富集有明显的选择性,对Cr的富集能力最强,其次为Zn、Cu、Ni,Pb 最弱[55];作物的不同器官对同一重金属的富集能力也有差异,表现为根>叶、茎>果实[56]。

表4 土壤改良剂对土壤重金属含量的影响Table 4 The influences of soil amendments on soil heavy metal content

鉴于不同作物之间富集能力的差异,在蔬菜生产时,应充分考虑土壤污染程度,根据不同蔬菜品种的富集能力,来生产安全无公害蔬菜[57]。李博文等[58]根据蔬菜可食部分对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn吸收累积的特点,将蔬菜分为4种累积类型:①低度累积型,在土壤受污染程度轻时进行生产可优先种植,如胡萝卜、茄子、番茄、辣椒等;②中度累积型,可在重金属污染情况不严重的土壤中适当种植,如菜花、莴苣、大葱、韭菜等;③重度累积型,种植时应避免重金属污染的土壤,如芹菜、茴香、圆白菜等;④极重度累积型有白菜、油菜等,种植时最好选用清洁土壤,此类植物能将土壤中的重金属提取固定到植物体内,减少或去除土壤和淋溶水中重金属,可利用其特性,控制或修复重金属污染土壤[59]。

2.3.2 不同耕作制度对土壤重金属吸收的影响

通过种植制度来控制土壤重金属含量的方法可以分为两种:一种是间套作,另一种是轮作。这两种方法均能种植重金属富集植物或筛选低富集植物来降低作物中的重金属含量,前者是通过植物提取土壤中的重金属来降低其含量,从而控制污染,而后者则是用低富集植物或可食部位低累积性的作物来降低和规避重金属对人或动物的风险。

(1)间套作模式:间作套种是我国传统农业的耕作方式,谭建波等[60]发现,续断菊与蚕豆间作较单作处理可降低土壤pH值,增加土壤有机质和碱解氮含量,使可交换态Cd含量降低,最终增强了续断菊对Cd的吸收,降低了蚕豆对Cd的吸收。间作鸡眼草显著降低了Pb、Cd在番茄、白菜等可食部位中的含量,却能提高其在油冬菜、花椰菜中的积累[56]。因此,不同作物间作对重金属的累积存在差异。另外,间作重金属富集植物,能保护与之间套作的部分植物,如锌超富集植物天蓝遏蓝菜与同属的非超富集植物遏蓝菜互作在Zn污染的土壤上,遏蓝菜的吸Zn量明显降低,生物量显著增加,这是由于天蓝遏蓝菜有很强的吸Zn能力,能优先吸收土壤中的Zn,从而减少了Zn对遏蓝菜的毒害[61]。然而,菜心、白菜等叶菜类蔬菜,与富集植物油菜间作是不可行的,种植在污染土壤上的叶菜会带来健康风险,如Cd富集植物油菜与白菜间作,油菜可以减轻Cd对小白菜的毒性,小白菜有较高的地上部生物量和较低的Cd累积量,但白菜中Cd浓度依然不低[62-63]。因此,利用适当的植物形成间套作复合体系,实现对污染土壤的边修复边生产,不失为一条土壤修复的新途径。

(2)轮作模式:大棚作物多采用不同蔬菜轮作方式。吸收土壤营养不同、根系深浅不同的作物相互轮作,如根菜类、茄果类、瓜果与浅根性的叶菜类、葱蒜类轮作,能增加土壤有机质含量,改良团粒结构,充分调节土壤养分的有效性,大幅提高土壤养分利用率[64-65],并能通过改变土壤水分、有机质、pH值和氧化还原环境等理化性质,降低重金属进入植物体内的可能性,影响植物对土壤重金属的吸收累积和利用[66-67]。

首先,不同的作物轮作模式下,重金属不同活性形态的累积效应不同。土壤中重金属的毒性及其生物有效性不仅与总量有关,更取决于其存在形态,而影响重金属赋存形态的因素较多,其中土壤pH值通过影响重金属在土壤中的化学形态和吸附能力,对土壤中重金属的移动性和生物有效性产生最大程度的影响[68-69]。

其次,轮作一些超富集植物,进行重金属的植物提取,能安全有效地去除轻度污染土壤中的重金属。郭晓静等[70]在Cd污染地区开展轮作模式试验,发现该地区产量和经济效益位居首位的白萝卜-番茄-青萝卜的种植模式,Cd元素在蔬菜可食部位的积累最少,较其他轮作模式更具优势。选择轮作蔬菜种类时应充分考虑重金属的累积和分布特性,如Cd容易在土壤表层累积,导致土壤表面含量最高[71],而叶菜类根系较浅,因此叶菜类蔬菜的种植需谨慎。

此外,作物轮作可以减少重金属元素在土壤耕作层的积聚,使其往下层土壤迁移,从而减轻设施农产品对土壤耕作层中重金属污染物的吸收[72]。且不同的轮作模式对防治重金属污染的效果不一。黄瓜、花椰菜、甘蓝、豇豆和菱白等果、花、叶、茎类蔬菜作物是低富集轮作优先选择的对象,与普通轮作相比,低富集轮作不仅能提高蔬菜产量和产值,还可使污染田块的蔬菜Sn含量降低50%~80%,并显著减少Cd进入食物链的量[73]。菜稻菜轮作能使耕作层可氧化态As含量显著降低,残渣态显著升高,导致土壤中As的生物有效性明显降低[74]。麦季间作伴矿景天能有效降低后茬茄子对Cd的吸收,并使土壤Cd浓度比对照降低24.3%[75],达到较好的修复效果。

单独种植超积累植物修复污染土壤所需周期长、问题多,而采用吸收重金属少或运移到食用部位少的低积累作物与超积累植物联合种植,有可能在修复污染土壤的同时收获符合安全标准的农产品,成为一种不需要间断生产、较经济合理地控制设施农业土壤重金属污染的方法[76]。

3 展望

对土壤重金属污染的修复已有大量研究,并取得了良好的效果,但针对温室大棚土壤重金属污染问题的研究涉及很少,为了达到更好经济效益和生态效益的种植模式,在充分考虑农产品收获的经济效益及农作物种植模式的可持续性,保证大棚正常生产功能的同时,控制修复大棚污染土壤,从而确保设施农产品生产环境安全。笔者认为,大棚土壤重金属污染的控制还需从以下方面加强研究:

(1)加大对大棚土壤重金属污染现状的研究力度。目前设施大棚土壤污染的研究多集中于对人体健康风险的评价,也有部分关于污染与种植年限之间关系的研究,但还需进行长期定位试验,拓宽污染涉及的种植模式,明确大棚土壤重金属污染的途径、种类和程度,从而提出相应的控制措施。

(2)改进已存在污染土壤的物理化学改良措施。现有改良剂大多针对田间条件,农家肥、绿肥、草炭和作物秸秆等有机物料中累积的重金属容易产生二次污染等问题,尤其是在大棚封闭和半封闭环境,因此应加强可以长期连续施用的改良剂的研发,并深化其修复机理的研究,构建适用于大棚环境的联合修复体系。

(3)深入研究水肥条件对土壤重金属形态之间的关系,深入探究施肥对重金属含量及其形态影响的机理,通过调控水肥条件控制重金属污染。

(4)加强不同耕作制度中重金属在土壤-植物系统的累积特征。作物轮作研究多集中于其对土壤肥力、土壤酶活性和微生物菌群的影响,以及在减少后作病虫害、防治连作次生盐渍化、增加经济收益等方面的作用,可加强大棚轮作方式下土壤重金属含量与其在土壤-作物体系中的迁移和累积特征的研究。

(5)重点寻找当前设施蔬菜重金属低累积或超富集植物种间的生态组合。筛选重金属低积累蔬菜品种的研究进展较缓慢,而能够在蔬菜地很好应用的超富集蔬菜品种对土壤的修复工作大多尚在试验阶段。以不同种植模式来减少蔬菜可食用部位的重金属残留,同时通过非可食用部位对重金属的超富集作用以修复污染土壤等研究成为当前的热点,但相关研究较少且部分结果缺乏一致性。因此,优化大棚种植模式,选择适当的蔬菜种类,降低重金属污染的风险,是植物修复和控制土壤重金属污染的新思路。

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