刘 甜,胡 毅
解放军总医院 肿瘤内科,北京 100853
近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICPIs)给恶性肿瘤的治疗提供了新的选择,其通过抑制肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,增强T细胞的免疫应答来消除肿瘤[1]。程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death 1,PD-1)是一种单体糖蛋白,主要表达于活化的巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、NK细胞及一些骨髓细胞的表面,其配体PD-L1和PD-L2主要表达于肿瘤细胞和抗原提呈细胞[2-4]。PD-1通过与PD-L1/PD-L2结合,抑制免疫细胞的增殖及活化,保持机体免疫耐受。在肿瘤组织中,PD-1与PD-L1结合,减弱机体的免疫应答,保护肿瘤组织免受细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T-cell)的攻击,导致肿瘤免疫耐受[5-6]。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂通过阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路,促进效应T细胞的活化及增殖,增强细胞免疫,从而识别并杀伤肿瘤组织[7]。目前临床应用的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂主要有Nivolumab和Pembrolizumab,多项临床研究表明其对恶性黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、肾癌等肿瘤有明显的疗效[8-10]。然而PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在增强细胞免疫抗肿瘤效应的同时,也有可能增强机体正常的免疫反应,导致免疫耐受失衡,出现免疫相关性不良反应(immune-related adverse events,irAEs)。irAEs可以累及人体的任何器官,目前有接近2/3接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的患者都出现了不同程度的irAEs[11-12]。本文对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗后常见的irAEs及其处理进行了总结,为临床的诊断及治疗提供理论依据。
腹泻是PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂最常见的免疫相关性不良反应之一,有8% ~ 19%接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗的患者出现不同程度的腹泻,一般为1 ~ 2级,中位发生时间为用药后的6个月。接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合Ipilimumab治疗的患者,腹泻发生率为44%,中位发生时间为用药后7周。接受联合治疗的患者3 ~ 4级腹泻发生率约为9%[8,13-17]。尽管接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗后,腹泻的发生率很高,然而很少有患者会发展为严重的结肠炎[8-9,15,18-19]。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂相关性结肠炎的发生率远低于Ipilimumab,约为3%,临床表现主要有腹痛、血便及腹膜刺激征[13,15]。如果患者诊断不明或出现了腹痛、血便、每日排便增加4 ~ 6次等症状,应行结肠镜检查及病理活检明确诊断,此外应同时排除索状芽孢杆菌等致病菌所致肠炎[20]。
1级腹泻可予补液及抗胃肠动力药(如洛哌丁胺)等对症支持治疗。2级腹泻或结肠炎也可予对症支持治疗,同时需推迟使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,直至不良反应好转至1级。若2级不良反应在对症治疗5 ~ 7 d后仍未好转,可考虑使用糖皮质激素治疗。若患者出现3 ~ 4级腹泻或结肠炎,应停止使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,并予甲泼尼龙1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)治疗。在使用激素的同时可予抗生素预防机会性感染,症状严重的患者需行结肠镜检查警惕肠穿孔的发生。若规律激素治疗2 ~ 3 d后,症状仍不缓解,可加用英夫利昔单抗(5 mg/kg,2周)[11,20-23]。
PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂引起的免疫相关性肝炎的发病率远低于胃肠道不良反应,通常发生于用药后的第6 ~ 14周。单用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的发病率为1% ~ 6%,其中3级肝炎的发病率为1% ~ 2%;PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合Ipilimumab的发病率为30%,3级肝炎的发病率为14%[8,13-16]。临床症状可有黄疸、恶心、乏力、发热等,实验室检查可发现丙氨酸转移酶、天冬氨酸转移酶及总胆红素的升高。其腹部CT表现取决于病变严重程度,轻度肝炎患者腹部CT可无任何异常,严重者可表现为肝大、肝实质密度减低、门静脉周围淋巴结肿大及门静脉水肿[11]。病理可见门静脉周围及肝小叶有嗜酸性粒细胞及其他炎症细胞浸润[12]。免疫相关性肝炎需与其他病因如乙醇、药物、病毒等引起的肝功能异常鉴别,常用的实验室检查指标有白蛋白、凝血功能、抗核抗体、平滑肌抗体、全血细胞分类及计数、乳酸脱氢酶、直接胆红素、间接胆红素及γ-谷氨酰氨基转移酶等[24-26]。
若患者出现2级免疫相关性肝炎,应推迟使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,同时静脉予甲泼尼龙0.5 ~ 1 mg/(kg·d),糖皮质激素应维持使用至少1个月,每隔3 d监测肝功能,直至好转至1级或恢复正常,才能继续应用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂。3 ~ 4级肝炎应停止应用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,每隔1 ~2 d监测肝功能,静脉予甲泼尼龙1.0 ~ 2.0mg/(kg·d),糖皮质激素应维持治疗至少1个月。若糖皮质激素治疗无效,可口服吗替麦考酚酯1 g,2次/d。由于英夫利昔单抗有肝毒性,不推荐应用英夫利昔单抗治疗免疫相关性肝炎[20,27]。
皮肤毒性是最常见的免疫相关性不良反应,中位发生时间为治疗后5周[17]。皮疹和瘙痒症的发生率为28% ~ 37%,白癜风和苔藓样皮肤反应的发生率为10% ~ 20%[13,24,28-29]。比较少见的不良反应有银屑病、表皮剥脱性皮炎、多形性红斑、类天疱性扁平苔藓及大疱性类天疱疮[30-34]。此外PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂可提高放疗的敏感性,因此二者联合可能引发严重的皮肤不良反应[35]。免疫相关性皮肤不良反应需与接触性皮炎、血管炎、病毒相关性皮疹相鉴别,必要时可行皮肤活检明确诊断[36]。由于其炎症机制不同,病理表现多样,如苔藓样皮肤反应组织病理学与扁平苔藓相似,表现为表皮角化过度,棘层不规则增厚[28-29]。
若患者出现1 ~ 2级皮肤不良反应,可继续应用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,予外用糖皮质激素(如0.1%倍他米松)及口服抗组胺药治疗,若治疗后症状持续1 ~ 2周仍未好转,则需口服或静脉应用糖皮质激素[14,37]。单用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂及联合应用Ipilimumab 3 ~ 4级不良反应的发生率分别是2%、6%[38]。若出现3 ~ 4级不良反应,应暂停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,予甲泼尼龙1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)治疗[14]。
免疫相关性肺炎的发病率较低,黑色素瘤患者发生肺炎的概率约为2%,肾癌及非小细胞肺癌患者的发病率约为5%,一旦发生风险极高。Topalian等[39]报道了3例免疫相关性肺炎所致的死亡病例,3 ~ 4级肺炎的发生率小于1%[9,40-43]。免疫相关性肺炎较其他不良反应发生较晚,一般发生于用药的数月后,若患者出现上呼吸道感染的症状或咳嗽、喘憋、血氧饱和度低于90%,需警惕免疫相关性肺炎,可行肺部增强CT或支气管镜明确诊断[44-45]。
若患者出现2级肺炎,可静脉予甲泼尼龙1 mg/(kg·d),若治疗2周后症状仍未好转,按3 ~ 4级肺炎治疗。若患者出现3 ~ 4级肺炎,予甲泼尼龙2 ~ 4 mg/(kg·d),症状好转后可改口服,激素规律减量,至少应用6周。若应用激素2 d后症状仍未好转,可加用免疫抑制剂如英夫利昔单抗或吗替麦考酚酯[20,27]。
常见的内分泌系统免疫相关性不良反应有甲状腺功能减退、甲状腺功能亢进及下垂体炎,其发病率分别为11%、4%、1%,中位发病时间分别为2.9个月、1.5个月、4.9个月,联合Ipilimumab治疗的患者发病率增高,分别为17%、11%、7%[38]。免疫相关性内分泌病缺乏特异的临床症状,诊断困难[45]。甲状腺功能减退或甲状腺功能亢进前期一般无症状,通常为常规实验室检查发现。甲状腺功能减退的患者可出现促甲状腺激素水平增高,游离T4减低,若患者出现促甲状腺激素水平降低,需警惕甲亢的发生[20,46]。下垂体炎可以导致垂体产生的激素水平下降,常见的症状有头痛、疲劳、关节痛、视力下降,实验室检查可见促肾上腺皮质激素、促甲状腺激素、卵泡刺激素、促黄体生成素、催乳素下降,颅脑MRI可见垂体增大[47]。其他较少见的不良反应有甲状腺炎、甲状腺危象、胰岛素依赖型糖尿病、肾上腺功能不全。甲状腺炎患者可出现咽喉痛、心悸、心动过速及其他甲状腺功能亢进的症状,往往在几周后发展为甲状腺功能减退[46,48-49]。
内分泌免疫相关性不良反应大多需要永久的激素替代治疗[48]。1级甲减或甲亢无需治疗,定期监测甲状腺功能。2级甲减,予左旋甲状腺素替代治疗,2级甲亢予卡比马唑治疗,根据症状可予普萘洛尔或阿替洛尔对症处理。3 ~ 4级甲减或甲亢,予甲泼尼龙1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)。无症状的下垂体炎,请内分泌科会诊,仅予激素替代治疗,若患者出现头痛、视力下降等症状,予甲泼尼龙1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d),并同时予激素替代治疗[20,37]。
PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂引起的肾功能损害或免疫相关性肾炎的发生率约为1%,中位发生时间是11.6个月[13,24]。此外约有22%使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的患者会出现不同程度血肌酐升高[14]。1级肾毒性,可继续使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,每周监测血肌酐水平。2 ~ 3级肾毒性,需暂停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,每2 ~ 3 d监测血肌酐水平,并予甲泼尼龙0.5 ~ 1 mg/(kg·d),根据血肌酐水平逐渐减量,维持使用至少1个月。4级肾毒性,需永久停用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,予甲泼尼龙1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)[8,14,50]。
PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂引起的神经系统不良反应发生率小于1%,有个别病人出现味觉减退、睡眠过度、不宁腿综合征、震颤、记忆减退、构音障碍、周围神经病变、脑水肿、视神经炎及格林巴利综合征[51-52]。对于2级以上的神经系统不良反应,需暂停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,予甲泼尼龙1 mg/(kg·d),若效果欠佳,可静脉注射丙种球蛋白或行血浆置换治疗[47,53]。
免疫相关性胰腺炎的发生率小于1%,常见的临床表现有上腹部或背部疼痛,实验室检查可见血脂肪酶、淀粉酶升高[20,47]。若患者出现明显的临床症状,需暂停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,并静脉予甲泼尼龙1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)治疗。
葡萄膜炎、结膜炎、虹膜炎、Graves眼病在使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的病例中均有报道。若患者出现视物模糊或眼部刺激症状,应请眼科医生协助诊疗,症状较轻时,可外用糖皮质激素,症状较重时,需口服甲泼尼龙1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)[26,53-54]。
PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂引起的肌痛及关节炎发生率为2% ~12%[14,50-51,55]。其他较少见的有血管炎、颞动脉炎、肌炎及多肌炎[10,13,16,50,56]。1级不良反应可予非甾体类抗炎药治疗,2级予小剂量激素治疗(如甲泼尼龙10 ~ 20 mg/d),3 ~ 4级予甲泼尼龙1 mg/(kg·d)。
其他少见的不良反应有心肌炎、心包炎、血小板减少症、甲型血友病、无菌性脑膜炎、横贯性脊髓炎、结节病等[26,57]。1 ~ 2级一般可予对症处理,3 ~ 4级需停用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,并予糖皮质激素治疗。
PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对于非小细胞肺癌、恶性黑色素瘤、肾癌等恶性肿瘤疗效显著,可以延长患者总生存期,其逐渐应用于临床,使越来越多的患者出现irAEs。临床医生需熟知irAEs的临床表现、诊断及治疗,做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,降低用药风险,改善患者预后,提高患者生活质量。
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