千古长城义乌情

吕斌

2017年11月中旬的一天，燕山之麓，秋色濃重。河北省抚宁县驻操营镇董家口村，这个地处河北与辽宁交界的长城脚下古村落已是半山余晖。在村口有着四百多年历史的大毛山古城堡前，锣鼓喧天，寒风中义乌兵后裔陈庆魁、吴玉久等身穿盛装，跳起大秧歌，欢送即将回程的义乌家乡人。

从11月5日起，由浙江省义乌市志编辑部、义乌市文化馆、义乌商报报业集团、义乌市摄影家协会牵头，义乌市人文影像田野调查工作坊组织实施的长城脚下义乌兵后裔古村落首次影像调查行之“董家口”正式启动。与以往不同，此次影像调查行目的是为了抢救珍贵的文史资料，全方位深度记录长城脚下义乌兵古村落现状。

义乌兵后裔为何长期生活在长城脚下？这要追溯到明代。

民族英雄戚继光在浙闽沿海抗击倭寇。他考察了浙江各地的兵源，最后选择在义乌作主要征召。这支部队被称为戚家军，威名远扬后世几百年。明隆庆、万历年间，义乌兵为主的戚家军在东南沿海浙、闽、粤地区抗倭取得全面胜利后，戚继光应召北上蓟镇，先后有5批共1.5万南兵应征，这1.5万南兵中，大多数是义乌兵。他们驻守在长城沿线，戍边抗虏，屯田军垦，很多人从此留在这里繁衍生息。从那时起，千古长城义乌兵与浙江的亲人相隔数千里。

地处燕山深处的董家口村，是戚继光率义乌兵建造的蓟镇长城的一个重要关塞。董家口村由大毛山、坡城子、董家口3个自然村及古城堡组成，据《永平府志》载，大毛山城堡为砖筑，高二丈五尺，城周一里，东、南各有门。堡北群山耸立对峙，双峰并立，关门即设在双峰之间。

为期一个多星期的实地调查拍摄，调查组分组分区块，用摄影、视频、音频、文字记录等方式，首次系统调查记录原生态的长城脚下义乌兵后裔古村落。用影像全面真实记录古村落的历史与地理、人囗、交通与水口、建筑、教育、医疗健康、宗教与信仰、居住习俗及手艺人和文化娱乐等十五大类。

董家口村是“长城脚下义乌兵后裔古村落首次影像调查行”的首站，意义特殊。“古时董家口是北方蓟镇长城的重要关塞，周边近9公里长城是国内原始明长城保持最好区段，有31座敌楼、14座烽火台，城堡、敌楼虽经历400多年风雨，依然保持沧桑风貌。现董家口村周边的长城上当年修建的一座座敌楼都以守楼义乌兵的姓氏为名，叫做吴家楼、骆家楼等。现董家口村村民有吴姓、陈姓、骆姓、孙姓等，姓氏丰富，都是跟随戚继光戍边的义乌兵——当年的楼台军。”义乌市志编辑部副主编施章岳介绍。

义乌市人文影像田野调查工作坊负责人金福根关注长城脚下义乌兵题材七年多。据他介绍，义乌兵古村落影像调查行是项长期的调查项目，旨在全方位记录留存有关长城脚下义乌兵后裔古村落原始影像，记录历史关注当下，让更多人了解这段历史，其他古村落调查将在今后陆续实施推出。此次展示的是其中的“人物肖像”“古建筑”“民风民俗”三大篇章。

国内著名长城专家、中国长城学会副会长董耀会对义乌启动的这项工作给予很高的评价。他说，长城历史研究，以往更多关注的长城建筑本体和长城相关历史事件。最大的不足是对不同历史时期生活在长城上或长城脚下的“人”的记录和研究不够。研究长城历史，首先要了解人，要知道这些历史时期的人是怎么生活的。今天生活在董家口这样的长城堡寨中的人，是历史的继承和延续。不懂得他们，也就无法了解那个历史时期的人。研究他们、记录他们是研究长城历史的重要环节。

（本文照片由作者拍摄）

Yiwu Cultural Workers Visit Hometown Brethren in Northeast

By Lyu Bin

On November 5， 2017， a group of photographers arrived at Dongjiakou Village in Funing County， Liaoning Province in northeast China to conduct a field study. The photographers all came from Yiwu， now famed as the worlds biggest marketplace of household commodities. They came to visit their distant relatives--the descendents of the soldiers who all came from Yiwu over 400 years to guard the northern border and build the Great Wall.

The field study was jointly sponsored by the Yiwu City Annals， Yiwu City Cultural Center， Yiwu Business Press Group， Yiwu Photographers Association， and Yiwu Cultural Media Field Study Workshop. The photographers were tasked to photograph the village， its people and the Great Wall. All the photographs will be a part of a complete and comprehensive audio-video-text database about the village where the descendents of the soldiers still live.endprint

Over 400 years ago， General Qi Jiguang decidedly annihilated Japanese pirates along the coastal provinces of Zhejiang， Guangdong and Fujian. Over 15，000 soldiers from Yiwu followed him to the Northeast to guard the northern border and build the Great Wall.

Dongjiakou Village， deep in Yanshan Mountain， is home to an ancient fortress， a part of the Great Wall， and three natural hamlets. According to local annals， the fortress originally stood 8.3 meters tall and about 500 meters around with two gates in the east and the south.

The field study was carried out in compliance with a well-formulated 15-aspect plan. The photographers recorded details in fields such as history， geography， population， transportation， water supply， architecture， education， medical and health care， religion and faith， lifestyle and custom， folk art， culture and entertainment.

The Great Wall near the fortress， originally built in the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）， is the best preserved in the country. The section is about nine kilometers long， composed of 31 watchtowers and 14 beacon towers. All the watchtowers are named after the surnames of the soldier clans that came from Yiwu and settled down. Originally， all the villages there were military barracks.

Jin Fugen， a photographer who heads the field study workshop， has been concerned with the Yiwu soldiers and their descendents in the northeast over the past seven years. He says that the image field study is a long-term survey designed to build up a historical record of the descendents of Yiwu soldiers and the villages nestled near the Great Wall. Over the past 7 years， he has built up a photo database of the villages and their residents. The photos can be categorized in portraits， ancient architecture， and lifestyle and customs.

Dong Yaohui， a prominent expert on the ancient Great Wall and deputy chair of China Great Wall Studies Association， spoke highly of the program initiated by Yiwu. “In the past， studies of the history of the Great Wall focused largely on the hardware of the Great Wall and relevant historical events. Attention to the people involved with the Great Wall was inadequate，” Dong pointed out. “The study of people in different historical periods helps the study of the Great Wall. The people now living these barrack villages carry on the history. They are a key part of the study of the Great Wall.”endprint