芦海燕 杨立强 唐元章 彭科军 方胜春 倪家骧
[摘要] 目的 探討腰椎间盘低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经导管置入治疗盘源性内脏痛的效果。 方法 回顾性分析2015年1月~2017年1月首都医科大学宣武医院腰椎间盘源性内脏痛患者34例,其中18例采用单纯腰交感神经导管置入法治疗,为A组;16例采用腰椎间盘低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经导管置入法治疗,为B组。记录两组术前及术后即刻,1周,3、6、12个月的疼痛数字分级评分(NRS);比较两组术前及术后12个月抑郁自评量表评分(SDS);分析两组术前及术后即刻,1周,3、6、12个月的NRS差值和两组术前,术后12个月的SDS评分及差值。NRS差值=术前NRS-术后NRS,SDS差值=术前SDS-术后SDS。观察两组不良反应以及并发症发生情况。结果 B组术后3、6、12个月的NRS差值均大于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P = 0.001、0.001、0.011)。两组术前SDS评分差异无统计学意义(P = 0.397);A组术后12个月SDS评分与术前比较,差异无统计学意义(P = 0.974);B组术后12个月SDS评分与术前比较,差异有高度统计学意义(P = 0.001)。B组术后12个月SDS差值高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P = 0.010)。两组均无感染及神经损伤导致支配区域异感、麻木等并发症发生。 结论 腰椎间盘低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经导管置入法相对于单纯腰交感神经导管置入治疗腰椎间盘源性内脏痛,中远期疗效更佳,且可以缓解抑郁。
[关键词] 腰椎间盘源性内脏痛;低温等离子消融;腰交感神经导管置入;疗效
[中图分类号] R681.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)10(a)-0099-04
Therapeutic effect of low temperature plasma ablation in conjunction with lumbar sympathetic nerve catheterization on the lumbar discogenic visceral pain
LU Haiyan1 YANG Liqiang1 TANG Yuanzhang1 PENG Kejun2 FANG Shengchun3 NI Jiaxiang1
1.Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; 3.Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children′s Hospital, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430016, China
[Abstract] Objective To discuss the therapeutic effect of low temperature plasma ablation in conjunction with lumbar sympathetic nerve catheterization on the lumbar discogenic visceral pain. Methods Thirty-four patients with lumbar discogenic visceral pain who were treated in the Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2015 to January 2017 were divided into two groups. Eighteen patients treated with the lumbar sympathetic nerve catheterization were included into Group A, and 16 patients treated with the low temperature plasma ablation in conjunction with lumbar sympathetic nerve catheterization were included into Group B. The numeric rating scales (NRS) depending on the level of pain of two groups before surgery and different periods after surgery (immediately, 1 week, 3, 6 and 12 months) were recorded. The self-rating depression scale (SDS) of two groups before and 12 months after surgery were contrasted. The NRS differentials of two groups before surgery and immediately, 1 week, 3, 6, 12 months after surgery and the SDS scores and differentials of two groups before and 12 months after surgery were analyzed. The NRS/SDS differentials were the NRS/SDS before surgery minus the NRS/SDS after surgery. Adverse reaction and complication after surgery were recorded. Results The NRS differential of 3, 6, 12 months after surgery of Group B were higher than those of Group A, the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.011). The SDS scores of two groups before surgery showed no statistical significance (P = 0.397). The SDS scores of Group A before and 12 months after surgery showed no statistical significance (P = 0.974). And the SDS scores of Group B before and 12 months after surgery showed statistical significance (P = 0.001). The SDS differential of 12 months after surgery of Group B was higher than that of Group A with statistical significance (P = 0.010). The two groups exhibited no complication such as paresthesia or numbness in corresponding dominating region caused by infection and nerve injury. Conclusion Compared with single lumbar sympathetic nerve catheterization, the low temperature plasma ablation in conjunction with lumbar sympathetic nerve catheterization exhibits a better effect in mid-long-term on lumbar discogenic visceral pain, and can relieve the depression.
[Key words] Lumbar discogenic visceral pain; Low temperature plasma ablation; Lumbar sympathetic nerve catheterization; Therapeutic effect
内脏痛指的是伤害性刺激激活内脏器官痛觉感受器产生的疼痛,其定位不准确、性质复杂,且常伴有牵涉痛等[1]。患者多无明确诊断,治疗效果差[2]。其中一部分患者的腰椎核磁共振(MRI)有明显的椎间盘前突现象。卞晶晶等[3]指出椎间盘前突髓核泄露导致临近交感神经无菌性炎症,即“腰椎间盘源性内脏痛”,简称“盘源性内脏痛”。前期应用腰交感神经导管置入可以减轻交感神经炎症,但术后复发率较高。Tang等[4]指出盘源性内脏痛还与突出的椎间盘刺激交感神经相关,因此可通过消除椎间盘无菌性炎癥及前突间盘治疗盘源性内脏痛。本研究回顾性分析了34例盘源性内脏痛患者的临床资料,观察腰椎间盘低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经导管置入技术的疗效。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取首都医科大学宣武医院(以下简称“我院”)2015年1月~2017年1月盘源性内脏痛患者。纳入标准:①长期腹痛超过6个月;②腰椎MRI显示椎间盘前突、T2像椎间盘前方高信号影;③明确诊断为盘源性内脏痛;④药物治疗效果不佳。排除标准:①器质性腹部疾病者;②未经治疗的凝血功能障碍或血液系统疾病者;③精神障碍不能合作者;④急性传染性疾病者。本研究最终纳入34例患者,男18例,女16例,年龄30~76岁,病程0.5~30.0年。采用单纯腰交感神经导管置入治疗的患者18例,纳入A组;低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经导管置入治疗的患者16例,纳入B组。两组患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、病程比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性,见表1。所有患者均知情同意并签署知情同意书,本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准。
1.2 治疗方法
A组患者CT确定责任间盘,穿刺至相应椎旁交感干后置入导管,注射1%利多卡因(遂成药业股份有限公司,批号:31801131)和碘海醇(通用电气药业有限公司,批号:H20000592)混合液20 mL,CT观察造影剂扩散,15 min后无异常者连接自控镇痛泵(patient controlled analgesia,PCA)(河南驼人医疗器械集团,批号:1410005),泵内为0.4%利多卡因(遂成药业股份有限公司,批号:31801131)+1 mg/mL甲强龙(Pfizer Manufacturing Belgium NV,批号:R82990)。PCA基础剂量5 mL/h,追加剂量5 mL/h,锁定时间60 min,阻滞4周。
B组患者CT确定责任间盘,CT引导穿刺针进入相应椎间盘,等离子射频(SM系列等离子体多功能手术刀头DXR-G1100-A185)穿刺针退至椎间盘外,置入导管,注射1%利多卡因(遂成药业股份有限公司,批号:31801131)和碘海醇(通用电气药业有限公司,批号:H20000592)混合液20 mL,CT观察造影剂扩散,15 min无异常连接PCA(河南驼人医疗器械集团,批号:1410005),泵内为0.4%利多卡因(遂成药业股份有限公司,批号:31801131)+1 mg/mL甲强龙(Pfizer Manufacturing Belgium NV,批号:R82990)。PCA基础剂量5 mL/h,追加剂量5 mL/h,锁定时间60 min,阻滞4周。
1.3 观察指标及随访时间
查询病历和电话随访,记录两组患者术前,术后即刻,术后1周,术后3、6和12个月的疼痛数字分级法(NRS)评分;比较两组患者术前和术后12个月的抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分;观察两组患者不良反应和并发症发生情况。世界卫生组织通过数字分级法(NRS),用0~10分别代表不同程度的疼痛:0分为无痛;1~3分为轻度疼痛;4~6分为中度疼痛;7~10分为重度疼痛。SDS评分为美国教育卫生部推荐用于精神药理学研究量表:53~62分为轻度抑郁,63~72分为中度抑郁,>72分为重度抑郁。NRS差值=术前NRS-术后NRS,SDS差值=术前SDS-术后SDS。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,符合正态分布计量资料的均数用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的改用中位数(M)或四分位数间距(P25,P25)表示,两组间比较采用非参数检验(秩和检验)。计数资料用率表示,采用Log-rank比较疼痛缓解率并绘制生存曲线。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组手术前后NRS评分差值比较
术后3、6、12个月,B组NRS评分差值均大于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2、图1。
2.2 两组手术前后SDS评分及差值比较
术前两组SDS评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。A组术后12个月SDS评分与术前比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);B组术后12个月SDS评分与术前比较,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表3。术后12个月,B组SDS差值高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表4。
2.3 两组术后疼痛缓解率比较
B组的疼痛缓解率要高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表5、图2。
2.4 两组不良反应及并发症发生
两组均无不良反应或感染及神经损伤导致支配区域异感、麻木等并发症发生。
3 讨论
盘源性内脏痛机制复杂,确诊较难,病理生理机制仅部分阐明[5]。椎间盘前方仅由交感神经支配[6]。支配内脏器官的传入神经纤维通过交感神经投射到中枢神经系统,椎间盘退变或突出通过“力学机制”和“化学机制”两种途径刺激交感神经而导致疼痛[7]。变性间盘引起无菌性炎症累及交感神经是盘源性内脏痛的原因[8],即“化学机制”。Wong-Chung等[9]报道1例儿童椎间盘前突引起腹部症状的病例佐证了这一理论,徐栋华[10]报道了1例椎间盘突出患者活动后引发下腹部隐痛,佐证了腰椎间盘前突通过“力学机制”导致交感神经或窦椎神经刺激症状。Tang等[4]指出,腰交感神经置管能够有效抗炎。但在随访中发现该术式复发率较高[11]。因此,我们需要通过消除无菌性炎症和前突的椎间盘两方面来治疗盘源性内脏痛。腰椎间盘低温等离子消融是治疗腰椎间盘突出的有效手段[12]。其原理为通过对间盘髓核汽化消融,降低盘内压力从而缓解疼痛[13-14],效果确切[15]。
本研究应用腰椎间盘低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经置管进行盘源性内脏痛的治疗,研究提示,单纯腰交感神经置管和低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经置管术后即刻、1周治疗效果无差异,但中远期疗效有差异。有研究[16-17]指出,交感神经特异性标志物神经肽标记盘内交感神经时,能够显示退变的间盘内有交感神经长入。间盘前突后,压迫前方交感神经引发内脏痛或通过长入异常交感神经而引发内脏痛。因此消除间盘前方突出、灭活盘内异常交感神经,方能长期缓解疼痛。低温等离子射频消融于2000年在美国首次用于临床[15],通过形成射频电场,产生等离子体薄层,汽化髓核[18],解除机械压迫,阻断交感神经介导的内脏伤害性感受[19]。本研究提示低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经置管对疼痛的缓解优于单纯腰交感神经置管,并且可显著改善抑郁情绪。
因此,腰椎间盘低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经导管置入是治疗盘源性內脏痛的有效方法,并且也验证了我们所推测的盘源性内脏痛的原因,即腰椎间盘前突机械性刺激交感神经和髓核泄露引发的无菌性炎症刺激交感神经是引发该疾病的双重因素。
综上所述,腰椎间盘低温等离子消融联合腰交感神经导管置入是治疗盘源性内脏痛的有效方法,且可以缓解抑郁。
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(收稿日期:2018-06-07 本文编辑:任 念)