叶雪飞,左春龙,梅虹霞,苏颖,杨建平
(1.苏州大学附属第一医院 麻醉科,江苏 苏州 215006;2.温州医科大学附属第二医院麻醉科,浙江 温州 325000)
丙泊酚对小胶质细胞炎症因子的影响及其机制研究*
叶雪飞1,左春龙2,梅虹霞2,苏颖2,杨建平1
(1.苏州大学附属第一医院 麻醉科,江苏 苏州 215006;2.温州医科大学附属第二医院麻醉科,浙江 温州 325000)
目的探讨丙泊酚对小胶质细胞炎症因子的影响及其机制。方法将小胶质BV-2细胞分为对照组、丙泊酚组、脂多糖(LPS)组、LPS+丙泊酚组,对照组细胞加入PBS液,丙泊酚组细胞加入丙泊酚30μmol/L,LPS组细胞加入LPS 1μg/ml,LPS+丙泊酚组细胞加入丙泊酚30μmol/L+LPS 1μg/ml。采用MTT比色实验测定细胞活性,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定细胞上清液中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应测定细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA的表达,采用Western blot检测细胞p38MAPK和TLR4蛋白表达量。结果LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞活性低于对照组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05),LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞活性高于LPS组(P<0.05);LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平高于对照组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05),LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于LPS组(P<0.05);LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK、TLR4 mRNA和蛋白表达量高于对照组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05),LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK、TLR4 mRNA和蛋白表达量低于LPS组(P<0.05);丙泊酚组和对照组小胶质细胞各指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论丙泊酚能抑制小胶质细胞过度活化和炎症反应,其机制可能与丙泊酚可下调TLR4-p38MAPK信号通路有关。
丙泊酚;小胶质细胞;炎症因子。
术后认知功能障碍表现为术后认知功能下降、行为障碍、语言缺失等,是老年人术后常见的并发症之一,使患者康复延迟,医疗费用和住院天数增加,病死率升高[1]。术后认知功能障碍的发生与炎症因子介导的神经炎症关系密切[2],小胶质细胞活化诱导的炎症反应在术后认知功能障碍的发生中具有重要作用[3-4]。因此,防止小胶质细胞诱导的炎症反应对预防术后认知功能障碍具有重要意义。本文就丙泊酚对小胶质细胞炎症因子的影响进行研究,并探讨其可能机制,为临床治疗提供依据。
小胶质BV-2细胞(中国科学院基础医学细胞中心),丙泊酚、脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)购自美国Sigma公司,MTT试剂盒、PCR试剂盒、小牛血清、DMEM培养基购自美国Gibco公司,兔抗鼠p38MAPK抗体、兔抗鼠TLR4抗体等购自美国Santa Cruz公司。
1.2.1 小胶质BV-2细胞培养将小胶质BV-2细胞接种到DMEM高糖培养基(含100μ/ml链霉素、100μ/ml青霉素和10%新生牛血清)中培养,换液1次/48 h,2~3d传代1次,传代2次取生长良好的细胞用于实验研究。
1.2.2 小胶质BV-2细胞分组将小胶质BV-2细胞分为对照组、丙泊酚组、LPS组、LPS+丙泊酚组。对照组细胞加入PBS液,丙泊酚组细胞加入丙泊酚30μmol/L,LPS组细胞加入LPS 1μg/ml,LPS+丙泊酚组细胞加入丙泊酚30μmol/L+LPS 1μg/ml,每组取8个样本,培养24 h。
1.2.3 细胞活性测定将对数生长的细胞制成单细胞悬液,接种到96孔板(5×103个细胞/孔)中培养,细胞贴壁后用无血清培养基培养24 h,采用MTT比色实验测定24 h时各组小胶质BV-2细胞的活性,小胶质BV-2细胞活性(%)=干预组OD值/对照组OD值×100%。各组细胞干预后24 h取上清液,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定上清液中白细胞介素1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平。
1.2.4 p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA表达量测定各组细胞干预24 h后,提取细胞总RNA,以GADPH作为内参照,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR) 测定各组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA的表达,PCR反应条件:95℃预变性4 min,95℃变性30 s,55℃退火60 s,72℃延伸60 s,共42个循环,72℃继续延伸5 min。每个样本设8个复孔,RT-PCR结果以CT代表,以2-ΔΔCT作为目的基因的相对表达量,2-ΔΔCT=各组小胶质BV2细胞目的基因表达量/对照组细胞目的基因表达量。
1.2.5 p38MAPK和TLR4蛋白表达量测定各组细胞干预24 h后,采用Western blot检测各组细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 蛋白表达量,用Bradford测定各组细胞总蛋白浓度,取10μl蛋白样品进行电泳,用脱脂奶粉封闭,分别加入p38MAPK和TLR4一抗孵育过夜,加入二抗孵育2 h,加入ECL显色,X线下曝光,采用Quantity One图像分析系统测定各组细胞p38MAPK和TLR4蛋白的灰度值。
数据分析采用SPSS 20.0统计软件,计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,用方差分析,两两比较用LSD-t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
对照组、丙泊酚组、LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞活性分别为(100.00±0.01)%、(103.24±1.57)%、(38.69±11.05)% 和(64.37± 14.26)%,经方差分析,差异有统计学意义(F=109.426,P=0.000)。进一步两两比较经LSD-t检验,LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞活性均低于对照组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05),LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞活性高于LPS组(P<0.05)。
对照组、丙泊酚组、LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平比较,经方差分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步两两比较经LSD-t检验,LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均高于对照组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05),LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于LPS组(P<0.05)。见表1。
对照组、丙泊酚组、LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA表达量比较,经方差分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步两两比较经LSD-t检验,LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA表达量均高于对照组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05),LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA表达量低于LPS组(P<0.05)。见表2。
对照组、丙泊酚组、LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 蛋白表达量比较,经方差分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步两两比较经LSD-t检验,LPS组和LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 蛋白表达量均高于对照组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05),LPS+丙泊酚组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 蛋白表达量低于LPS组(P<0.05)。见表3。
表1 各组小胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量比较 (pg/ml,±s)
表1 各组小胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量比较 (pg/ml,±s)
注:1)与对照组比较,P <0.05;2)与丙泊酚组比较,P <0.05;3)与LPS组比较,P <0.05
组别 IL-1β IL-6 TNF-α对照组 43.26±4.73 158.35±8.79 182.32±5.47丙泊酚组 44.18±5.02 163.24±9.01 179.35±5.38 LPS组 176.48±7.621)2) 412.53±15.471)2) 532.14±16.581)2)LPS+丙泊酚组 121.43±6.371)2)3)297.58±12.431)2)3)378.43±13.241)2)3)F值 218.647 995.463 1 170.324 P值 0.000 0.000 0.000
表2 各组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA表达量比较 (±s)
表2 各组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 mRNA表达量比较 (±s)
注:1)与对照组比较,P <0.05;2)与丙泊酚组比较,P <0.05;3)与LPS组比较,P <0.05
组别 p38MAPK mRNA TLR4 mRNA对照组 1.00±0.02 1.00±0.01丙泊酚组 0.98±0.03 1.01±0.02 LPS组 6.45±0.761)2) 6.87±0.821)2)LPS+丙泊酚组 3.24±0.471)2)3) 3.54±0.631)2)3)F值 231.523 241.264 P值 0.000 0.000
表3 各组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 蛋白表达量比较 (±s)
表3 各组小胶质细胞p38MAPK和TLR4 蛋白表达量比较 (±s)
注:1)与对照组比较,P <0.05;2)与丙泊酚组比较,P <0.05;3)与LPS组比较,P <0.05
组别 p38MAPK 蛋白 TLR4 蛋白对照组 0.26±0.03 0.37±0.04丙泊酚组 0.24±0.04 0.41±0.02 LPS组 0.97±0.121)2) 1.32±0.171)2)LPS+丙泊酚组 0.62±0.081)2)3) 0.82±0.151)2)3)F值 192.325 213.276 P值 0.000 0.000
小胶质细胞占10%~20%中枢神经系统细胞,是中枢神经系统内主要的免疫效应细胞,在炎症反应中发挥主导作用,小胶质细胞为大脑的第一道防线,具有保护大脑免受病原体入侵和损伤的作用[5-6],并可清除细胞碎片,维持脑内稳态,但过度、持续活化的小胶质细胞分泌IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等促炎因子,对神经元有损伤作用[7],在中枢神经系统炎症损伤性疾病中具有重要作用。ZHOU等[8]研究发现,大脑中动脉缺血再灌注可引起大脑区域梗死,小胶质细胞活化可释放大量炎症因子,在大脑中动脉缺血再灌注前给予丙泊酚可减少大脑梗死面积,降低小胶质细胞释放的炎症因子水平。PEI等[9]研究发现,LPS可诱导外周血单核细胞产生IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NO等炎症因子的释放,丙泊酚可抑制外周血单核细胞释放炎症因子,具有抗炎作用。本研究结果发现,LPS可降低小胶质细胞的活性,增加小胶质细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,丙泊酚可增加LPS干预小胶质细胞活性,降低小胶质细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,可见丙泊酚能降低小胶质细胞活性,降低活化小胶质细胞炎症因子水平,通过抗炎作用发挥对神经的保护作用。
TLR4可介导小胶质细胞的活化,引起大量促炎因子的释放,从而损伤神经系统[10-11]。TLR4激活后通过2种下游途径传递信号:髓样分化因子88依赖性通道和含TIR结构域受体介导的干扰素β通道。LU等[12]研究发现,小鼠胫骨骨折后出现认知功能下降,并伴有TLR4/MyD88升高。WANG等[13]研究发现,大鼠脾切除术后早期出现认知功能下降,并伴有TLR4水平升高,表达TLR4的小胶质细胞及炎症因子水平增加,表明小胶质细胞上TLR4信号激活可能是术后认知功能障碍的潜在机制。P38MAPK是调节小胶质细胞释放促炎因子TLR4诱导的下游信号通路[14-15]。ZHOU等[16]研究证实,丙泊酚可通过TLR4/p38MAPK信号通路,发挥对脊髓星形胶质细胞释放炎症因子的抑制作用。
综上所述,小胶质细胞受LPS干预后,p38MAPK、TLR4 mRNA和蛋白表达量升高,丙泊酚可降低LPS干预后小胶质细胞p38MAPK、TLR4 mRNA和蛋白表达量。由此可见,丙泊酚对小胶质细胞炎症反应的抑制作用可能与丙泊酚下调TLR4/ p38MAPK信号通路有关。
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Effect of Propofol on in flammatory cytokines in microglia and its mechanism*
Xue-fei Ye1, Chun-long Zuo2, Hong-xia Mei2, Ying Su2, Jian-ping Yang1
(1.department of Anesthesiology, the First Aff i liated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; 2.department of Anesthesiology, the Second Aff i liated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Propofol on inflammatory cytokines in microglia and its mechanism.MethodsMicroglial BV-2 cells weredivided into control group, Propofol group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, and LPS+Propofol group. The cells of the control group were added with PBS. The cells of the Propofol group were added with 30 μmol/L Propofol. The cells of the LPS group were treated with 1 μg/ml LPS. The cells of the LPS+Propofol group were added with 30 μmol/L Propofol and 1 μg/ml LPS. The cell viability wasdetermined by MTT colorimetric assay. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in supernatant were measured by ELISA. The expressions of p38MAPK and TLR4 mRNAs weredetected by RT-PCR. The expressions of p38MAPK and TLR4 proteins weredetected by Western blot.ResultsThe activity of microglia in the LPS group and the LPS+Propofol group were lower than that in the control group and the Propofol group (P< 0.05). The activity of microglia in the LPS+Propofol group was higher than that in the LPS group (P< 0.05). The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the supernatant of the LPS group and the LPS+Propofol group were higher than those in the control group and the Propofol group (P< 0.05). The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the supernatant of the LPS+Propofol group were lower than those in the LPS group (P< 0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of p38MAPK and TLR4 in the LPS group and the LPS+Propofol group were higher than those in the control group and the Propofol group (P< 0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of p38MAPK and TLR4 in the LPS+Propofol group were lower than those in the LPS group (P< 0.05). There were no significant differences in the above indices between the Propofol group and the control group (P> 0.05).ConclusionsPropofol has the effect of inhibiting the hyperactivity and in flammatory response of microglia, and its mechanism may be related to thedownregulation of TLR4-p38MAPK signaling pathway.
Propofol; microglia; in flammatory factor
10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2018.02.006
1005-8982(2018)02-0033-04
R614
A
2016-07-31
浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(No:2016KYA140)
(童颖丹 编辑)