屋顶景观的潜力

MVRDV

尚晋 译/Translated by SHANG Jin

屋顶景观的潜力

MVRDV

尚晋 译/Translated by SHANG Jin

The Potential of the Roofscape

建筑在开门的那一天就“大功告成”的观念在今天的设计、规划和施工思想中根深蒂固。不过，这种思路只把建筑和设计视为物的创造，而忽视了社会和技术变革的影响，更不用说使用带来的变化。建筑是有生命的，每一代使用者都会改造它、改变它。由于资源意味着开支，而对建筑材料可持续利用的需求与日俱增，从头开始进行设计已成为一种奢望。

但这并不会制约建筑的创造潜力，而是拓宽了现有的可能性，甚至会带来新的启发。这包括对未来可适性、复用与保护的考量，并为原有结构增添新的元素。这是一片尤为丰硕的土地。关于建筑垂直性的思想通常局限在摩天楼上——备受社会隔离和远人尺度等问题困扰的高资本行为。

长期以来，MVRDV一直有意让这种高密度的垂直建筑融入能给城市和乡村带来生机的轻松社交氛围中。事实上，事务所至今都在坚持这种做法，项目和尺度从建筑（迪登村）到城市（塞卢西亚和米洛德）再到假想城市（垂直村庄）。

设计文化必须超越对固定用途的（大尺度）设计的个人追求。可适性、灵活性和策略性密集化带来的可能性通常会被人忽视，却在实际上创造出了激动人心的“宽松”建筑。村庄和屋顶景观的密集化能将用户解放出来，从而创造出他们自己多样化、生机勃勃的环境。

迪登村项目（见本刊p30）是MVRDV首次以屋顶景观探索城市密集化的一次尝试。该项目建在鹿特丹的米德兰住区，是迪登家狭小住宅扩建需求的产物。项目没有简单地增加一层或是向后花园扩展，而是在屋顶上叠加了新的用途，营造出村庄般的氛围。

屋顶上的每个新房间都采用了微缩的典型“住宅”形式。不仅各个入口相互独立，每个山墙的轮廓也特色鲜明。在室内，房间都包木材或涂暖红色；在室外，所有地方都涂了天然蓝的聚氨酯。每个“住户”都从特殊的楼梯来到自己的房间，更突出了扩建部分兼顾个人与集体的特征。项目造价很低，因为扩建部分经过优化设计，充分利用了原有的结构和建筑系统。

这种特意追求本土与活力的设计是一种颇具代表性的扩建方式。它既满足了住户对创意的需求，又是鹿特丹城市密集化中的话题引子。城市的生长如何能密集化、保持可持续性和可购买性？我们怎样维系坚强的社会纽带，让城市运转下去？迪登村给出了一种答案：探索屋顶景观。该项目建成后，周边四邻都开始住到自家屋顶上，为邻里活动创造出新的共享区。

2 空中广场，米洛德住宅，马德里/Sky plaza, Mirador project, Madrid（1-3摄影/Photos: Rob't Hart）

3 空中广场，米洛德住宅，马德里/Sky plaza, Mirador project, Madrid（1-3摄影/Photos: Rob't Hart）

The idea that a building is "finished" or"complete" on the day it opens its doors is hardwired into existing thinking about design, planning and construction. However, this line of thinking reduces architecture and design to merely the production of objects and ignores the impact of social and technological change, not to mention the evolutions that come as a result of occupancy. Buildings are living objects, mutable and manipulated by each generation of users. With resources at a premium and an increasing need for the sustainable use of building materials, it is a luxury to design from a blank slate.

This does not limit the creative potential of architecture; rather it widens existing possibilities and even illuminates new ones. These may include considering future adaptability, rehabilitation,and conservation, but also the introduction of new elements to existing structure. Here lies particularly rich ground. Ideas regarding verticality in architecture are often limited to skyscrapers –high-capital endeavours that struggle with issues of social isolation and alienating scale.

MVRDV has long been interested in embedding these highly-dense and vertical structures with the informal social atmosphere that makes villages and cities so vibrant. Indeed, the office has done so throughout its lifespan, in projects and scales ranging from the architectural (Didden Village)to the urban (Celosia & Mirador) to the urban hypothetical (The Vertical Village).

Design culture must move beyond the idiosyncratic aspirations of an individual generating(large-scale) purpose-built designs with fixed uses.The possibilities made available by adaptability,flexibility, and strategic densification and are often overlooked, but in fact create enormously exciting"loose-fit" architectures. Densification via the village and the roofscape has the potential to emancipate users to create their own versatile and vibrant environments.

The Didden Village project (see page 30) was one of MVRDV's first investigations into the notion of urban densification via the roofscape. Built in the in the Middelland neighbourhood of Rotterdam,the project is the result of the Didden family's need to expand their cramped family residence. Rather than simply adding an additional floor or expanding into the back garden, the project stacked new program to form a village-like atmosphere on the roof. Each new room takes the form of a miniature and stereotypical "home" on the roof, with discrete entrances and a signature gabled silhouette. Inside,the rooms are clad in wood or painted a warm red;on the outside, everything is draped in technicolour blue polyurethane. Each "resident" reaches their room via specific staircase, further emphasising the individual-yet-collective nature of the addition.Project costs were kept low as the addition was optimised to take advantage of existing structure and building systems.

The deliberately vernacular and vibrant design is an iconic addition that both serves the creative needs of the residents and acts as a conversationstarter for urban densification in Rotterdam.How might cities grow densely, sustainably, and affordably? And how can we maintain the strong social ties that make cities work? Didden Village suggests that one possible answer might lie in exploiting the roofscape. Since the project was constructed, surrounding neighbours have begun to populate their own roofs, creating a new shared zone for neighbourhood activity.

4 垂直村庄模型/Models of Vertical Village

不过，这个案例研究主要是在个体尺度上的。那么这种策略从建筑到城市上会怎样呢？

在马德里，米洛德项目是MVRDV作品中大规模密集化与社交氛围相平衡的早期实例。该项目将传统的公寓楼沿轴线颠倒过来，得到一种高用地率的建筑基底，并有高出地面的社交空间。在米洛德，传统西班牙街区中常见的庭院空间成了一种“空中广场”，仿佛脱离了建筑的体块。这种“屋顶景观”是所有住户共享的集会点，在这个引人瞩目的地方可以远望瓜达拉马山。

这个方案在当地颇具标志性，但更为重要的是它保留了亟需的开放空间，又没有破坏低密度住宅的社交性。这种氛围甚至体现在建筑上，那里有象征街道的缝隙状连接区。这些缝隙的组合在视觉上和实际上都创造出一种住宅类型群，其结构有如建筑里的小郊区。一个垂直住区由此形成。

不过，虽然这个尺度对于欧洲城市很合适，却与亚洲城市发展项目关系不大。

垂直村庄是MVRDV与JUT艺术建筑基金合作的项目。它在当代亚洲语境中试验了社交丰富的高密度建筑设想。几个世纪以来，东亚城市肌理一直都以小尺度的零散村落为主。这些城中村形成了密集的、社会关系紧密的社区，并孕育着强烈的个性和差异。

在人口与经济因素的驱使下，亚洲城市在过去几十年中飞速变化。城市几乎全都是高楼大厦。许多住区往往千篇一律，更不用提单体公寓楼。这种无休止的“楼房侵袭”——巨大的塔楼、板楼和楼房里尽是重复的住宅单元、楼层平面和立面——湮没了数百年来形成的村庄氛围。这些外来建筑可以为人口增长和现代西方生活标准提供快速解决方案，但往往会在这一过程中摧毁本土社区。它们会抑制多样性、灵活性和因地制宜的思想，并阻碍城市的创新。

那么问题就变成了：我们如何统筹所需用途的体量/密度与培养社会关系和活力的需求？甚至可以问，可能有效实现这一点么？就像迪登村和米洛德那样，这个答案很可能就在于对建筑的本土自发利用的反思。

垂直村庄探索了在城市尺度上密集化的新理论，而在建筑上植根于本土既成策略。这种发展方式没有在大片土地上水平展开，而是进行垂直叠加。其核心是一座村庄，具备所有的特质和细微的差别；各种建筑元素经过偏移和错位给住户创造了多种多样的空间。

这个城市村庄的目标是在密集的当代住宅类型中营造一种社区生活感。其中塔楼的住宅类型包括供休闲活动使用的露台和屋顶花园。这种舒适的生活方式甚至会吸引中上阶层，创造出一种更加融合、更少隔阂的社会。住宅甚至可以同小型办公室和工作空间结合起来，形成全天有人的混合用途建筑。与楼房相反，这种新村庄类型会带来一种源自个性化表达和特征的建筑。

为了建造这个成功的垂直村庄，就需要一个真正自组织、自发的城市建设方式。这种模式要将个性、多样性和集体性与密集化的需求结合在一起，取代“楼房侵袭”。这种模式能够创造出垂直村庄，一种促进人际关系的立体社区。□

This case study, however, functions primarily at the scale of the individual. What does it become when it jumps from being an architectural strategy to an urban one? In Madrid, the Mirador project is an early example of large-scale densification balanced with social atmosphere in MVRDV's portfolio. The project flips the traditional apartment block upwards on its axis, creating a highly-efficient building footprint with social space elevated well above ground level. In Mirador, the courtyard space found in typical Spanish blocks is a "sky plaza" that appears to be cut from the building mass. The "roofscape" is a shared and visible rallyingpoint for all residents, and offers views out to the Guadarrama Mountains.

This scheme is iconic in the area, but is more important in that it preserves much needed open space without sacrificing the social nature of lowdensity residential structures. This atmosphere is even ref l ected in the architecture, which includes slitlike access zones that refer to streets. The assembly of these slits create a visual – and actual – set of domestic typologies that are structured like small suburbs within the building. It creates a vertical neighbourhood.

However, while this scale is appropriate for the European city, it is largely irrelevant for Asian urban development projects.

The Vertical Village, a project developed by MVRDV in collaboration with the JUT Foundation for Arts and Architecture, tests the ideas of sociallyrich density within a contemporary Asian context.For centuries, the urban fabric of East Asian cities has consisted primarily of small-scale and informal villages patchworks. These urban villages form intense, socially connected communities where strong individual identities and differences can be nurtured.

Driven by demographic and economic forces,Asian cities have rapidly changed over the past decades. Cities are overwhelmingly composed of large-block construction. Neighbourhoods, not to mention individual apartment buildings, are often indistinguishable. This relentless "Block Attack" –massive towers, slabs and blocks with repetitive housing units, floor plans and facades– are building over the village atmosphere that has evolved over hundreds of years. These alien buildings may provide a quick solution to population growth and a modern Western standard of living, but they often destroy indigenous communities in the process. They discourage diversity, flexibility, and individually tailored ideas and obstruct urban innovation.

The question becomes: how can we reconcile the mass/density of program required with the need to foster social connection and vibrancy? Is it even possible to effectively do so? Just as in Didden Village and Mirador, the answer likely lies in reexamining the vernacular and unplanned uses of architecture.

The Vertical Village explores a new theory of densification at an urban scale, and is architecturally rooted in the vernacular and established strategies.The development, rather than being spread horizontally over a large area of land, is stacked vertically. At its core, it is a village, with all its idiosyncrasy and nuance; architectural elements shifted and offset to create a variety of spaces for residents.

The urban village aims to foster a sense of community living within a dense and contemporary housing type. In it, housing types within the tower structure can include terraces and roof gardens that accommodate leisure activities. This comfortable lifestyle might even attract the middle and upper classes, leading to a more mixed, and less segregated society. Homes could even be combined with smallscale offices and workspaces to create a humming mixed-use structure that is active at all hours.In contrast to the blocks, this new village type might enable an architecture based on individual expression and identity.

To build the successful Vertical Village, a truly self-organised and initiated manner of city building is required – a model that combines individuality,diversity and collectivity with the need for densification as an alternative to the Block Attack. A model that can generate a Vertical Village – a threedimensional community that brings personal. □

5 垂直村庄渲染图/Rendering of Vertical Village（4.5图片来源/Source: MVRDV）

2017-10-18