阅读理解语义转换的方法与解题策略

何美容

分析近几年的高考真题，我们可以看出，语义转换的方法既有语言知识层面也有思维能力层面，这也恰恰吻合考试大纲中对阅读理解能力的要求：既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念；既能理解字面意思，也能理解根据字面意思推断出没有明确说出的深层含义。

一、语言知识层面的语义转换

语言知识层面的语义转换主要有同义词替换、反向表达及非对等结构替换。

1. 同义词替换

这种转换相对简单，就是直接用同义词或者近义词来替代原文中的单词。解题时，考生应根据题意，快速在文中定位关键信息，然后再根据原文中的单词，选择与原文信息相接近的选项，这样就可以确定正确答案。

[例1]（2015年全国I卷）Disappointed by many a broken， vine-ripened（蔓上成熟的） promise， Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless.

26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter？

A. They are soft. B. They look nice.

C. They taste great. D. They are juicy.

解析：题目问纽约冬天的西红柿看起来怎么样。原文的信息点是attractive（有吸引力的），与选项B的nice（美好的）是近义词，因而B选项为正确答案。

[例2]（2016年全国Ⅲ卷）Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.

8. What can people do at the apple events？

A. Attend expertslectures.

B. Visit fruit-loving families.

C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard.

D. Taste many kinds of apples.

解析：题目问人们在苹果节上能做些什么。在文中迅速定位信息点Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples（苹果节是一个好机会，人们可以去欣赏、品尝各种各类的苹果），D选项中的many kinds of 与原文的a wide variety是同义词，taste又是原词复现，所以正确答案为D选项。

2. 反向表达

相比同意替换，反向表达更考验学生是否细心。选项的反向表达有两种情况：

一种是用否定的形式来表述文中用肯定方式表述的内容；另一种是肯定的形式来表达文中用否定方式表述的内容。对这种题目，考生要尤其谨慎，以防一不小心漏掉了一个not，把意思理解反了，落入陷阱。

[例3]（2015年全国Ⅰ卷）The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine”.

24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York？

A. Exciting. B. Boring. C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.

解析：本题问作者对纽约冬季生活的看法。从原文的信息点The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter，我们可以得知，这个冬季纽约并不是一个好玩的地方，所以正确答案为B选项 Boring（无聊的）。原文中的谓语动词用了否定形式hasnt been，如果考生忽略了这个否定，就很有可能误选fun 的同义词A. Exciting（令人兴奋的）。

3. 非对等结构替换

有的时候这种同义的替换并不是同义词或者反义词这样词性对等的结构，而是变换了词性转换成了其他的结构，可能两者在词性以及在句子中的功能都不尽相同。解题时，在找到原文中的词语之后，考生要利用自己已有的语言知识以及文中的有效信息去判断该词的准确含义。

[例4]（2016年全国Ⅲ卷）Riverbend Music Theater： 6295 Kellogg Ave. Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover（price difference）. Big name shows all summer long！ Phone： 232-6220. http：//www.riverbendmusic.com.endprint

4. How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places？

A. It has seats in the open air.

B. It gives shows all year round.

C. It offers membership discounts.

D. It presents famous musical works.

解析：题目问Riverbend 音乐大剧院与其他地方的不同之处，在文中可以找到关键信息outdoor（户外的），户外的剧院也就是座位都是露天的，因此正确答案选A. It has seats in the open air. （它有露天的座位）。该题的正确选项就是用一句话解释替换了原文的一个单词。

[例5]（2016年全国Ⅲ卷）To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.

9. What can we learn about Decio？

A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.

C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste.

解析：对Decio这一苹果树种的描述，原文用的是名词an eye opener（大开眼界事物），而选项中转换为谓语 is rarely seen（很少见到）。

二、思维能力层面的语义转换

语义转换并不仅仅停留在表面的语言知识层面，它还涉及深层次的思维理解能力。可以说，语义转换考查的并不是单一的语言知识水平，而是需要抽象概括、归纳提练等多种思维能力。

1. 简要概括

阅读理解设置选项的一个原则就是尽量使用简练的语言和较少的词语，因此选项具有较强的概括性，对原文进行了简要概括。如果原文内容比较长，信息点比较多，则会在选项中概述成比较简短精炼的表达。解题时，考生应首先找出原文所涉及的重要信息，用自己的语言去提炼、归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再比对选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息很接近的选项作为正确答案。

[例6]（2014年新课标Ⅱ卷）According to US government reports， emissions（排放）from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with， the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of“green thinking”has become part of practices.

27. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection？

A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.

B. They have settled their environmental problems.

C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.

D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.

解析：题目是问美国人在环境保护方面所取得的成就。考生可以在文中找到依据：According to US government reports， emissions （排放） from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.（根据美国政府报告，汽车和卡车的排放已经从每年1003万吨下降到550万吨，生产CO超过标准的城市数量从40减少到9）。文中的信息有两个要点，而且信息详细具体，概括起来，就是美国人减少了环境污染，选项D意思最为接近，因此为正确答案。

2. 抽象概念

阅读理解是培养思维品质的语言活动，其中抽象思维就是高考考查的一个重要内容。抽象的语义转换要求学生不仅要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念。

[例7]（2016年全国I卷）When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator（参议员） and， in 1981， the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.endprint

22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm？

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

解析：原文中she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman（她不能在律所找到工作因为她是一名女性），呈现的是具体的信息，在选项中转化为抽象的概念The discrimination against women（对女性的歧视）。

3. 深层含义

深层含义指命题人挖掘某一个短语或一个句子隐含的意义，也就是要求考生读懂其言外之意。所以，解答这类题目，考生不能只看该句的字面意思，而应该认真地思考，透彻理解这个短语或句子所在的上下文语境， 准确地理解它的隐含意义、真实意义。

[例8]（2015年新全国Ⅱ卷）Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one， total intake （摄入） jumps by 14 percent. And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short， wide glass than a tall， skinny glass.

27. What are people advised to do at mealtimes？

A. Eat quickly. B. Play fast music.

C. Use smaller spoons. D. Turn down the lights.

解析：命题人设计此题的目的是考查When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one， total intake（摄入）jumps by 14 percent 这句话的深层含义。若要理解这句话的深层含义，就必须理解整篇文章以及该段的含义。文章说明了几种对身材有影响的因素，该段说的是要缩小餐具的尺寸。这句话的意思是说，当我们选择大的而不是小的汤匙时，总体的食物摄入量会增加14%，因此不难推断出这句话的深层含义是要建议人们使用较小的汤匙来保持身材。因此答案为C项。

语义转换增加了阅读理解的灵活性和挑战性，能更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力和思维能力，因此在教学过程中，教师要指导学生充分认识高考阅读理解的命题规律、选项设置语义转换的技巧，以帮助学生突破阅读理解的瓶颈，提高阅读能力。

责任编辑 蒋小青endprint