关联词用法小议

正如高考写作评分标准所说：“能有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，全篇文章结构紧凑，思维清晰。”英语语言的学习，最重要且最高的层面是语篇。没有连接词的语篇，犹如一盘散沙，东一榔头西一棒，让听者或读者看到的只是独立的句子个体，不知作者所言要点，看不清其中的关联，更别提抓取文章主题去加以理解和应用了。同學们如果对关联词语有了较好的掌握，就能快速有效地抓住关键句并予以突破。在书面表达中，如能恰当地使用各类关联词，那么文章则有如行云流水般流畅， 在阅卷老师眼里自然也是锦上添花。中学阶段，学生应该掌握的关联词可以简单归纳为如下几类：

第一类：表时间的连接词

to begin with / to start with / in the first place首先，第一点， at first起先，in the beginning起初，for the first time第一次，next接下来，then然后，later后来，after that 那以后，in the end最后， finally最后，after a while / in no time一会儿，since then自从那时起，meanwhile / at the same time同时， immediately立即，马上，suddenly / all of a sudden突然，now / at present目前，现在， soon很快，soon after that在那之后很快，afterwards后来，up to now直到现在， before long很快，from then on从那时起，sooner or later迟早，as a young man当还是年轻人的时候，one day有一天等。

如以下书面表达部分范文：

But who is responsible for the current world food crisis？ First， annual world grains output has declined because of climate change. Then lots of farmland has been lost due to the rapid development of industry and urbanization. Finally， faced with the rising energy prices， people have turned to the production of biofuels， which has worsened the severe situation.

第二类：表目的的连接词

for this purpose 为了这个目的， in order to， so as to， so that， in order that为了，in case以防万一等。

如： be admitted into the college， he had to work hard at all subjects.

A. Now thatB. In order to

C. Only ifD. So that

答案B。now that既然，in order to为了，only if只要，so that以便，位置应放在句中。这里是in order to引导目的状语从句。句意：为了被录取进大学，他得努力学习所有的课程。根据句意应选B。

第三类：表因果关系的连接词

because因为，as因为，since既然，for因为，thanks to / due to / owing to由于，so所以，thus这样，therefore因此，as a result （of） 结果，as a consequence （of） 结果，one reason is that...，another reason is that...理由一是……，另外一个理由是……， for this reason 由于这个原因， if so 如果这样， if not 如果不是这样等。

如以下书面表达部分范文：

In my opinion， you should come back after you finish your studies abroad. For one reason， what you are studying is badly needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easy for you to find a good job. In fact， I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to hire people like you. For another reason， I think it will be much more convenient for you to look after your parents as they are getting old. Therefore， I think its a good idea for you to return. So what are you waiting for？

第四类：表让步关系的连接词

while （放于句首），as （倒装），though， although， even if / though即使，whether... or...是……还是……，who （what， when） + ever / no matter who （what， when）， in spite of / despite尽管等。endprint

如： scientists have learned a lot about the universe， there is much we still dont know. （2015年安徽）

A. OnceB. Since

C. ThoughD. Unless

答案C。本題考查的是状语从句的连词辨析。though尽管；once一旦；since自从，既然；unless除非，如果……不……；句意：虽然科学家已经了解了许多有关宇宙的东西，但是还有很多我们不知道的。根据句意可知上下文之间存在着转折关系，所以使用though表示让步和转折。故C正确。

第五类：表条件关系的连接词

if如果， unless除非， as / so long as只要， on condition that如果……；在……条件下，若……则，suppose / supposing， provided that假如等。

如：Ones life has value one brings value to the life of others. （2012江苏）

A. so thatB. no matter how

C. as long asD. except that

答案C。本题考查状语从句。题干意为：只要一个人给其他人的生活带来价值，他的生命就有价值。so that以便；no matter how无论如何；except that除了；所填词引导条件状语从句，意思是“只要”，故选C。

第六类：表并列关系的连接词

and而且， or或者， as well as不但……而且……，both... and...不但……而且……， neither... nor...既不……也不……， not only... but also...不但……而且……， either... or... 或者……或者……， not... but...不是……而是……等。

第七类：表递进关系的连接词

on top of that此外， whats more / furthermore / moreover / in addition / besides况且，whats worse / to make matters worse / worse still更糟糕的是，on （the） one hand...一方面……， on the other （hand）...另外一方面……等。

如以下书面表达部分范文：

Then what should we do to deal with the problem？ On one hand， we should focus on the environmental protection and improve the ecology. On the other hand， strict measures should be taken to protect farmland. Of course， to build a harmonious world the developed countries should take their responsibilities to help the poor ones experiencing food shortage.

第八类：表转折对比关系的连接词

but但是，still / yet然而，however然而，while而， nevertheless然而，whereas但是，on the contrary相反等。

第九类：表列举事实的连接词

for example / instance， like， such as， take... for example， that is to say， as follows， in other words等。

如以下书面表达部分范文：

The reasons accounting for this phenomenon are as follows. For one reason， the number of private cars is increasing rapidly， with peoples incomes increasing， people can afford to buy cars. For another reason， the number of buses are too small for people to take and the speed of buses are too slow due to the traffic jam， as a result， people are not willing to take them. Besides， the roads and streets in many cities are too narrow for buses and cars to flow quickly.

第十类：表总结的过渡性词语

in short， in brief， in a word， on the whole， in general， generally speaking， to conclude， to sum up， all in all， in general等。

如以下书面表达部分范文：

In short， with proper guidance and discipline， home schooling will provide an ideal education designed just for the children themselvesendprint

第十一类： 表话题转折

by the way 顺便说， I am afraid 恐怕……， in my opinion依我看来……， to tell the truth说实话， in fact 事实上

如以下书面表达部分范文：

As for me， I will call on the people around me to live thriftily. And for the moment， I think， we should study hard to develop science and help solve the food shortage in the future.

牛刀小试

一、单项选择

1. Much the young couple needed money to make the payment for the apartment， they wouldnt ask their parents for help.

A. althoughB. as

C. even ifD. while

2. Jack can never catch up with Tom in the study of English.

A. However he tries hard

B. No matter how hard he tries

C. No matter how he tries hard

D. As hard he tries

3. has taken part in the Athens Olympic Games is worth praising no matter he has won medals or not.

A. Who； ifB. Anyone； whether

C. Whoever； whetherD. Whoever； how

4. he has limited technical knowledge， the old worker has a lot of experience.

A. SinceB. Unless

C. AsD. Although

5. You will succeed some day， you go on trying.

A. as soon asB. as far as

C. as long asD. as well as

6. I couldnt afford to rent a house like this， buy it.

A. no longerB. no more than

C. let aloneD. instead

7. Professor Hawking stepped into the office， I knew that there was no hope.

A. UnlessB. Now that

C. AlthoughD. The moment

8. She informed her husband she arrived home.

A. as long asB. as soon as

C. afterD. what

9. I had left when the quarrel started.

A. hardlyB. soon

C. becauseD. after

10. It must be very late， and I claim it the streets are quite deserted.

A. becauseB. so

C. whatD. when

11. he sat up all night with the patient， the doctor looks tired and sleepy.

A. ButB. However

C. BecauseD. After

12. The teacher is very strict with us， simply he wants us to make rapid progress.

A. sinceB. because

C. asD. when

二、填空

下面是一篇題为 “Haste makes waste （欲速则不达）”的文章，请根据提示填写出恰当的过渡词以确保语篇连贯。

There is an old saying “Haste makes waste.” Its the experience of our forefathers however it is correct and of great importance in many cases even today.

1 （表顺序） it teaches us that we shouldnt be overanxious for quick results. 2 （表转折） we will fail. 3 （表递进） if we emphasize too much upon speed we will suffer sooner or later. 4 （表举例） if we are too hasty in tests it is very possible that we may make some mistakes or even fail.5（表递进） we may leave a bad impression on both the teacher and classmates that we are careless. 6 （再次列举） if a sportsman is hasty in an important game he may lose a very precious opportunity to win the championship. 7 （表结果） he will lose the confidence to pick the pieces up. Haste has many side effects. On the one hand， haste may result in wrong decisions or more mistakes. 8（表列举）， haste means a failure or an accident in some important occasion.

9 （表总结） whatever we do does pay attention to the balance of the speed and quality.

参考答案

一、1—5 BBCDC6—10 CDBAA11—12 CB

二、1. First2. Otherwise3. In addition4. For example / For instance5. Whats more

6. For another example7. As a result8. On the other hand9. In conclusion / In a word

（作者：毛春霞，泰州市第三高级中学）endprint