基于ANAMMOX的复合工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的研究进展

杜 俊，许静怡

(同济大学 环境科学与工程学院，上海 200092)

基于ANAMMOX的复合工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的研究进展

杜 俊*，许静怡

(同济大学 环境科学与工程学院，上海 200092)

较之传统的硝化反硝化工艺，ANAMMOX(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation)工艺凭借其高效脱氮、低能耗、产泥少等优点近年来在晚期垃圾渗滤液处理领域得到关注。本文分别从基于ANAMMOX的复合工艺、晚期垃圾渗滤液中对该复合工艺的影响因素、脱氮菌群结构三个方面对该复合工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液进行可行性分析，指出其亟待解决的几大难点，并对其发展前景进行展望。

ANAMMOX；晚期垃圾渗滤液；微生物群落结构

垃圾渗滤液根据填埋场龄的不同，可分为早期(小于5年)，中期(5～10年)和晚期(大于10年)垃圾渗滤液。场龄越长，渗滤液的pH越低，可生化性越差，氨氮含量越高，C/N比越低。晚期渗滤液的pH已接近中性(7～8)，重金属离子的浓度也大大降低[3]。

1 基于ANAMMOX的复合工艺

1.1 PN+ANAMMOX复合工艺

1.2 SHARON+ANAMMOX复合工艺

1.3 SNAD工艺

SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification)工艺能够在单个处理器内同时进行部分硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化反应脱氮，但控制条件较为苛刻，对于操作者的要求较高。近年来的一些研究[14-16]对实际垃圾渗滤液厂处理装置中的菌落进行分子生物学分析，在氮转化过程中主要是ANAMMOX菌、氨氧化古生菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea，AOA)三类菌在发挥作用，存在SNAD反应。

1.4 其他基于ANAMMOX的工艺

研究者们为了改善晚期垃圾渗滤液最终的出水水质，在ANAMMOX复合工艺这类生化处理之外，通常会在生化处理前加上混凝、吸附、过滤等物化预处理环节，同时在生化处理后增加高级氧化、MBR、超滤、纳滤这类深度处理环节。

Anfruns等人[18]将高级氧化处理单元作为深度处理环节来进一步降低出水中的难降解有机物含量；Suneethi等人[19]将ANAMMOX复合工艺处理后的出水通过MBR装置过滤，来进一步除去废水中的有机物；Liang等人[20]在ANAMMOX复合工艺单元后，增加了两个土壤渗滤单元来继续降低出水中的总氮和COD含量。德国某座垃圾渗滤液处理厂已应用活性污泥+ANAMMOX+超滤联合工艺超过12年，较之传统活性污泥法，该联合工艺可减少87.5%的能耗、91%的甲醇用量和96%的剩余污泥产生，总氮去除率达到94%[21]。

2 影响因素

2.2 COD

2.3 亚硝态氮累积速率NLR

在处理对象为晚期垃圾渗滤液的ANAMMOX复合工艺中，ANAMMOX段的NLR大多在0.17 ～ 0.96 kg N/(m3d) 。在Li等人[29]的研究中，若要使工艺长期稳定运行(总氮去除率达到85%)，NLR需小于1 kg N/(m3d)。而Phan等人[30]利用IC反应器培养ANAMMOX菌来处理晚期垃圾渗滤液，Candidatus Kueneniastuttgartiensis丰度达到37.45%，可在NLR高达10.0 ± 0.04 kg N/(m3d) 时稳定运行。

2.4 盐度

高盐度，是晚期垃圾渗滤液的一项重要特性。盐度过高，会导致菌体细胞膜失水，酶类活性也会受到抑制，因此盐度也是影响ANAMMOX复合工艺处理效果的重要因素[31-32]。

Azari等人[21]在实际运行的垃圾渗滤液ANAMMOX复合工艺中首次发现了嗜盐ANAMMOX菌种Ca. Scalindua，它的最适生长温度为10 ～ 25 ℃，最适pH值是6 ～ 8，可以适应1.5 ～ 4 mmol的高盐度条件，该嗜盐菌能更好地适应晚期垃圾渗滤液，有利于减小ANAMMOX工艺在该领域的应用限制。Scaglione等人[33]发现盐度所导致的电导率差异，是真正影响ANAMMOX反应的主要因素， ANAMMOX菌IC50阈值(50% inhibitory concentration)在文献所用的实际垃圾消解液电导率为6.1 mS/cm时达到。

晚期垃圾渗滤液中不同污染物混合共存，磷酸盐、重金属离子、硫酸盐、硫化物等对该复合工艺的处理效果的影响不同，但目前在这些方面的研究还不系统，如脱氮性能最佳的ANAMMOX颗粒污泥Fe元素含量最高；1 mmol重金属离子Hg2+会使ANAMMOX菌完全失活，但此类重金属离子的文献报告仍不多见；一些有机物如甲醇、乙醇、抗生素等均被发现会对ANAMMOX菌产生抑制，但各个研究得到的阈值相差较大，对抑制机理研究尚不完备[22，30]。

3 复合工艺中的脱氮菌群结构

基于ANAMMOX的复合工艺中参与脱氮过程的主要菌种有：厌氧氨氧化菌(ANAMMOX bacteria)、氨氧化菌(AOB)、氨氧化古生菌(AOA)、亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)和反硝化菌(denitrifying bacteria，Den)(主要是异养反硝化菌HDen)[16，34]。其中，ANAMMOX菌、AOB、NOB、AOA均是好氧型的化能自养菌，Den多为异养、厌氧型细菌。

3.1 菌群脱氮反应机理

图1 菌群脱氮的反应机理图Fig.1 Reaction mechanism of denitrifying bacteria

(AOB: 氨氧化菌；AOA：氨氧化古生菌；NOB：亚硝酸盐氧化菌；ANX：厌氧氨氧化菌；Den：反硝化菌)

(AOB：Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria; AOA: Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea; NOB: Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria; ANX: Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria；Den：Denitrifying Bacteria)

3.2 菌群结构研究

4 结语与展望

随着垃圾渗滤液处理的形势愈加严峻，基于ANAMMOX的复合工艺将得到更多的研究和应用。为了探究工艺可行性，国内外研究者采用不同的反应装置、探究了不同的反应条件的影响、并尝试分析各类垃圾渗滤液中的组分该工艺的影响，多年的研究已取得了一定进展，但仍有很多难点需要解决，如(1)如何缩短该复合工艺的启动时间；(2)晚期垃圾渗滤液中的微量重金属离子对于ANAMMOX菌的作用机理； (3)ANAMMOX菌在长期运行条件下的性能演变及耐受性；(4)如何使ANAMMOX菌适应来源不同的晚期垃圾渗滤液等。未来更多的深入研究必将推动这一新兴工艺进一步发展和成熟。

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(本文文献格式：杜俊，许静怡.基于ANAMMOX的复合工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的研究进展[J].山东化工，2017，46(20)：42-45.)

ANAMMOX-basedCompositeProcessforMatureLandfillLeachateTreatment:AReview

DuJun*,XuJingyi

(College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Compared to conventional nitrification-denitrification,cation process, ANAMMOX(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) process has attracted much attention in the field of mature landfill leachate treatment for its high nitrogen removal efficiency, lower operational costs and less sludge production. This paper presents an overview of the recent progress in ANAMMOX-based composite process treating mature landfill leachate, the main factors affecting the combined technology and nitrogen-converting microbial community structure. The challenges and future development are also proposed.

ANAMMOX; mature landfill leachate; nitrogen-converting microbial community structure

2017-08-16

国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0403400)

杜 俊(1993—)，安徽马鞍山人，同济大学环境科学与工程学院在读硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水污染控制理论与技术。

X703

A

1008-021X(2017)20-0042-04