没有工作的世界

2017-11-22 20:57ByYuvalNoahHarari
英语学习 2017年10期
关键词:闲暇现实人类

By+Yuval+Noah+Harari

人工智能的飛速发展正营造出一个全新的世界,一步步改变着人类的生活方式。如果有一天,高科技替我们完成了所有任务,人们不再需要工作,世界将变成怎样?当社会不再需要我们履行职责,当人类自身的智慧被我们缔造出的机器碾压,我们该去何处寻找生存的意义?虚拟现实是否会变成我们最重要的精神食粮?人类用智慧缔造出的那个超现实的未来究竟是福是祸,这一切都值得我们思考。

Most jobs that exist today might disappear within decades. As artificial intelligence outperforms humans in more and more tasks,1 it will replace humans in more and more jobs. Many new professions are likely to appear: virtual-world designers, for example. But such professions will probably require more creativity and flexibility, and it is unclear whether 40-year-old unemployed taxi drivers or insurance agents will be able to reinvent themselves as2 virtual-world designers. And even if the ex-insurance agent somehow makes the transition into a virtual-world designer, the pace of progress is such that within another decade he might have to reinvent himself yet again.

The crucial problem isnt creating new jobs. The crucial problem is creating new jobs that humans perform better than algorithms3. Consequently, by 2050 a new class of people might emerge— the useless class. People who are not just unemployed, but unemployable.4

The same technology that renders humans useless might also make it feasible to feed and support the unemployable masses through some scheme of universal basic income.5 The real problem will then be to keep the masses occupied and content. People must engage in purposeful activities, or they go crazy. So what will the useless class do all day?

One answer might be computer games. Economically redundant people might spend increasing amounts of time within 3D virtual reality worlds, which would provide them with far more excitement and emotional engagement than the “real world”outside.6

The virtual reality need not be encased7 inside an isolated box. Rather, it can be superimposed8 on the physical reality. In the past this was done with the human imagination, and in the 21st century it can be done with smartphones.

The idea of finding meaning in life by playing virtual reality games is common to secular ideologies and lifestyles.9 Consumerism10 too is a virtual reality game. You gain points by acquiring new cars, buying expensive brands and taking vacations abroad, and if you have more points than everybody else, you tell yourself you won the game.

You might object that people really enjoy their cars and vacations. Thats certainly true. But in the end, the real action always takes place inside the human brain. Does it matter whether the neurons are stimulated by observing pixels on a computer screen, by looking outside the windows of a Caribbean resort, or by seeing heaven in our minds eyes?11 In all cases, the meaning of life is always a fictional story created by us humans.endprint

In his groundbreaking essay, “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight” (1973), the anthropologist Clifford Geertz describes how on the island of Bali,12 people spent much time and money betting on cockfights. The betting and the fights involved elaborate rituals, and the outcomes had substantial impact on the social, economic and political standing of both players and spectators.13

The cockfights were so important to the Balinese that when the Indonesian government declared the practice illegal, people ignored the law and risked arrest and hefty14 fines. For the Balinese, cockfights were “deep play”—a made-up game that is invested with so much meaning that it becomes reality. A Balinese anthropologist could arguably have written similar essays on football in Argentina or Judaism in Israel.15

Indeed, one particularly interesting section of Israeli society provides a unique laboratory for how to live a contented life in a post-work world. In Israel, a significant percentage of ultraorthodox16 Jewish men never work. They spend their entire lives studying holy scriptures17 and performing religion rituals. They and their families dont starve to death partly because the wives often work, and partly because the government provides them with generous subsidies18.

Though they are poor and never work, in survey after survey these ultra-orthodox Jewish men report higher levels of life-satisfaction than any other section of Israeli society. In global surveys of life satisfaction, Israel is almost always at the very top, thanks in part to the contribution of these unemployed deep players.

You dont need to go all the way to Israel to see the world of post-work. If you have at home a teenage son who likes computer games, you can conduct your own experiment. Provide him with a minimum subsidy of Coke and pizza, and then remove all demands for work and all parental supervision. The likely outcome is that he will remain in his room for days, glued to the screen. He wont do any homework or housework, will skip school, skip meals and even skip showers and sleep. Yet he is unlikely to suffer from boredom or a sense of purposelessness19.

Hence virtual realities are likely to be key to providing meaning to the useless class of the post-work world. Maybe these virtual realities will be generated inside computers. Maybe they will be generated outside computers, in the shape of new ideologies. Maybe it will be a combination of the two. The possibilities are endless, and nobody knows for sure what kind of deep plays will engage us in 2050.endprint

1. artificial intelligence: 人工智能,简称AI;outperform:胜过,做得比??好。

2. reinvent oneself (as sth).: 以新形象示人,以新形式出现。

3. algorithm: //(计算机或数学)算法,运算法则。

4. 人们不仅仅是面临失业,而是根本无法就业。unemployable:(因缺乏所需技能或资质不足)不适于(被)雇佣的。

5. render: 使成为,使变得;feasible:可行的,行得通的;mass: 民众;universal basic income: 全民基本收入。

6. 经济上无用的人们可能会花越来越多的时间体验3D虚拟现实的乐趣。比起外面的“真实世界”,这些虚拟造物会给他们带来更多的精神刺激和情感享受。redundant:多余的,被解雇的。

7. encase: 包住,包装。

8. superimpose: // 重叠,附加。

9. secular: 世俗的,现世的;ideology:意识形态。

10. consumerism: 消费主义。

11. 观看电脑屏幕上纷繁的像素,欣赏加勒比海度假村窗外的美景,抑或看见脑海中想象出的天堂——人类的神经元以哪种方式被刺激,又有何要紧呢?neuron: 神经元,神经细胞;pixel: 像素;Caribbean: 加勒比海。

12. groundbreaking: 有突破性的,创新的;Balinese: 巴厘岛的,巴厘岛人,Bali(巴厘岛)是位于印度尼西亚的著名岛屿;cockfight:斗鸡;anthropologist: 人类学家;Clifford Geertz: 克利福德·格尔茨(1926—2006),美国人类学家。

13. 这些赌博和竞赛有着精心准备的盛大仪式,而比赛的结果对玩家和围观者的社会、经济和政治地位都有着巨大影响。ritual:仪式,典礼;substantial: 大量的,多的。

14. hefty:(尤指金钱)大量的,巨额的。

15. Judaism: // 犹太教;Israel: 以色列。

16. ultra-orthodox: 极端正统的。

17. scripture: (某一宗教的)圣书,经文。

18. subsidy: //(政府发放的)补助金,津贴。

19. purposelessness: 无目的。

阅读感评

∷秋叶 评

这显然又是一位未来学家(futurologist)对于人类未来的担忧,并尝试指点迷津。对于未来学家的预测,我们不能不信,但也千万别全信。他们常犯错误,因为他们跟我们一样,总是摆脱不了从今天的现实去估计未来,而人类发展史告诉我们,从现实到未来往往是一种跨越式、超越性的过程,尤其是从人类进入现代时期以来。谁曾料到,随着150年前电力的发明,人们的作息时间可以颠覆“日出而作、日落而息”的传统?100年前的一战时期,谁会想到几十年后随着核武器的发明,一两颗炸弹即能降服强敌?30年前,又有谁能预测,互联网能瞬间实现“全世界联合起来”的愿望?人类总是不断地面临挑战,但我们千万别低估了人类自我救赎、不断新生的能力。未来是由人创造的,而非命中注定的。

原文提出,如果未來机器人取代了人类,使人类无工作可干,人类将如何应对?如果你可以“不劳而获”,基本需求能得到满足,你将选择怎样打发时间?其实,早在上世纪30年代世界正处于大萧条时,英国经济学家凯恩斯(John Maynard Keynes, 1883—1946)在其《我们孙辈的经济可能性》(“Economical Possibilities for Our Grandchildren”, 1930)一文中即预言了一个随着科技的发展必然到来的休闲社会(Keynesian Leisure Society)。文章说,在他自己所处的时代,在农业、矿业与制造业方面,人类只需投入原来力量的四分之一即可完成全部的工作。在百年(即2030年)后,发达资本主义国家的生活水平将比1930年至少高出四至八倍。数千年来人类为生存而奋斗的经济问题,将在孙辈成年时得到彻底解决。在那时,一个工作周可能只需要工作15小时,即一周工作五日,一日工作三小时。自上帝造人以来,人类首次面临一个真实而永恒的问题——如何利用好摆脱经济压力后所获得的自由?如何度过科技为他们赢得的闲暇时间,过上明智、喜悦而美满的生活?因此,在凯恩斯看来,人们对于未来的恐惧将不再是对于贫穷的恐惧,而是对于如何度过大量闲暇时间这个不确定性的恐惧。由于当时“大萧条”在全世界的不断蔓延,以及不久以后的世界大战,凯恩斯的预言逐渐被人们淡忘。但战后几十年资本主义世界经济腾飞,科技的日新月异与世界总产值的数倍增长,似乎都在验证着这位英国经济学家关于人类闲暇时间大量增长这个预言的正确性。上世纪五六十年代,美国人率先在大学里设立了休闲学专业(leisure studies),60年代末,美国总统尼克松宣称,“我们现在都是凯恩斯的信徒(We are all Keynesians now)”!

原文作者显然很重视人类获得大量闲暇甚至不再工作后生活的意义问题,因为他认定未来将有一个所谓的“无用阶级(useless class)”,其作用被技术取代而注定要永久失业,而且这个阶级的人数将与日俱增。作者给出的解决方案也非常简单,让他们沉迷于电子游戏!作者认为人类沉迷于虚拟世界由来已久,如意识形态、习俗乃至信仰,均出于想象而非现实,与当今的虚拟空间无异。在他看来,人生的意义实出自人们的想象,因此它们将一拍即合,实现无缝对接!

然而,在笔者看来,这种分析颇有武断、狭隘以致简单化之嫌。首先,工作并非实现人生价值、体现人生意义的保证,也就是说处于工作状态并非后者的必要条件。常识告诉我们,许多人工作的主要目的仅是为了谋生,除了耗费其大量的精力、体力外,实难从中获得什么精神慰藉与人生乐趣。对于这一批人,如果能够不用工作而获得报酬,生存压力得到解脱,那真是求之不得的事,相信他们此后一定会更加安宁、从容、超脱或充实地生活,完全不用我们为他们的人生意义杞人忧天。当然,前提是他们必须有一份足以维持生活的收入,因为无收入即无闲暇可言,而笔者感觉,无论东西方,失业即意味着贫困,这仍然是颠扑不破的铁律,恐怕机器人也难以撼动之。其次,原文作者认为我们大多数人都生活在由他人建构的现实里(virtual realities invented by others),这有一定的道理,然而,这并不意味着人们因此只能遁入诸如电子游戏等虚拟空间里去寻找人生意义并实现人生价值。人类是具有无限创造性与想象力的,完全可以超越一种模式的限定,去追求更为人所认同、适宜、多元的目标,以便身心获得充实和愉悦。就拿享有较丰厚退休金的老年人来说,在他们闲暇充裕又衣食无忧后,确有部分人投入了虚拟世界,玩起了微信朋友圈与电子游戏,但恐怕更多的还是投入到了现实空间——旅游、运动、聚会、公益以及其他诸多在工作期间无暇顾及的业余爱好,或者与儿孙在一起享受天伦之乐,而且他们绝不会认为从现实空间里所获得的人生乐趣与价值要逊色于虚拟空间。最后,随着科技发展与社会进步,全民有闲将是大势所趋,绝非少量精英的特权(有人提出21世纪是个休闲的世纪),但认为机器将剥夺人的工作机会恐怕是个伪命题。诚然,机器确实会取代人占据一部分工作岗位,但自工业革命以来的历史与现实告诉我们,与此同时会有更多的工作机会涌现出来,而人类从总体上讲是能很好地适应这种变化的。不久前的英国《金融时报》曾报道称,世界范围内的工作岗位总量是在增长而非减少。因此,原文作者认为人类的一大部分将被所谓的algorithm(计算系统)打败而失去了用处,以致出现一个所谓的“the useless class”,其实是对于人类未来的一种比较消极、悲观的态度。endprint

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