戚永晔
“各民族都是一个瓜秧子上结出来的哈密瓜。”这是哈密当地流传很广的一条乡谚。在这方古韵与新风交织的土地上,团结和谐是文明基因,也是文化自觉;是历史底蕴,也是固本之举。
哈密地处新疆东部,横跨天山南北,这座丝绸之路上的重镇,是中原文化与西域文化、东方文化与西方文化、草原文化与农耕文化等多民族文化的交汇融合之地。
今年,我跟随“一带一路”报道团来到哈密,追寻她的历史遗迹,审视她的文化源流,体验她的成长与风情,再次认识了哈密。
哈密是一座有历史的城市。古丝路从洛阳出发,一路向西,在敦煌分为南北两道。阳关和玉门关分别是把守这两条古丝路的军事要塞。哈密,距离玉门关外五百多公里。作为新疆最早开发的地区之一,距今1万年前哈密已有人类活动。即便作为城市,哈密至少已经存在了两千年。哈密北部约60公里的天山顶上,可看到一座天山庙。据说汉代的班超正是在此处附近穿越,征战北匈奴立下赫赫战功。如今的天山庙,经过修旧如旧,再现了古时的风貌,新塑的班超全身像屹立山巅,威武豪迈,成为天山新景。
哈萨克族独特的马术表演,吸引大量游客。
哈密又是一座崭新的城市,2016年年初,成为丝绸之路经济带沿线诞生的最年轻的地级市之一。
这里最先引人注目的就是当地华丽的传统服饰。普通百姓大多只有过节时候才会穿上这些服装,但从事表演的木卡姆艺人天天都将传统服饰演绎得光彩亮丽。仔细看,这些服装延用了汉族传统的“右衽”方式,在款式、质地、色泽、花纹图案等方面,都表现出维吾尔族服饰与满族、汉族等民族服饰相融合的特征。刺绣则大量吸收了中原牡丹、莲、菊、梅、佛手、龙、凤等吉祥图案,色彩缤纷,鲜艳夺目。
在哈密市回城乡沙枣井村,我见到了手工刺绣传承人阿加汗·赛买提。10年前,他开了家庭刺绣坊,8年前儿子帮他开了网店,产品也销往各地。2013年2月注册成立了哈密阿加汗特色产业发展有限公司,现有员工25人,从事民族服饰、刺绣产品的加工销售,年收入40多万元。“从前,这些服装只是我们本地节庆时穿的,但今天,它们已经成了我们对外展示的窗口。”阿加汗这样说。
事实上,阿加汗并非个例,传统服装纺织业已经成为哈密市“二产抓重点、三产大发展”的一项重要内容。去年12月,当地召开了“丝绸之路哈密纺织服装展洽会”,哈密本地和外省分别有21家企业参展,围绕着“传统+时尚”、“密作+文化”、“产业+援疆”的主题,上万件参展产品亮相展会。
2017年1月,哈密市建立了少数民族特色产业园区,并被列入自治区民生工业示范基地,阿加汗的公司等18家小微企业第一批入驻。
哈密的农业也有着巨大潜力。哈密市政府介绍了当地打造“密作”全新品牌体系的过程。当地已经形成“密作”贡瓜、“密作”古枣、“密作”刺绣三大品牌系列,并开启“密作”三宝私人订制模式,提高产品附加值,增加农牧民收入。预计全年哈密瓜销售收入将突破6亿元。
用历史照亮现实,将文化发展产业,是哈密近年来的主题词之一。
在哈密历史上,民族团结的佳话世代相传。许多学者专家,都对此地多元交融型文化课题有过系统研究,特别是哈密木卡姆、巴里坤社火等一批非物质文化遗产项目,还成了今天当地著名的旅游卖点。
在哈密下辖的巴里坤县,有一个哈萨克民族风情园,胡安拜克是第一个进园至今已10年的牧家乐經营户。他告诉我:“最近几年,生意越来越好做,各地游客很多。而且很明显感觉到,游客对文化的兴趣明显提高了,也越来越懂得尊重疆民的风俗习惯和信仰。”
事实上,哈萨克民族风情园所“产出”的哈萨克大毡房和经营模式已输出到乌鲁木齐、伊犁等地。而在哈密市花园乡民俗风情一条街,民族风格与现代装饰相融合的民居成为瓜乡一景。
除了旅游业渐热,老百姓的文化生活越来越丰富,并在保持传统的基础上越来越追求现代化与开放性。在哈密市东河区,活跃着一支名为“胡杨”的老年业余艺术团,其中包括木卡姆队、舞蹈队、模特队、拉丁舞队、合唱队等。团员平均年龄55岁,总人数达到了560人。艾力·卡德尔是伊吾县下马崖乡木卡姆艺人,因为特别喜欢音乐,跟汉族朋友学会了拉二胡和小提琴、唱京剧和秦腔。他不无自豪地介绍:下马崖乡维吾尔木卡姆演出队原生态木卡姆表演上了国家级的舞台,在“第六届全国原生民歌大赛”获得多人组银奖,唱红歌也唱出了名,《北京的金山上》《绣金匾》《春天的故事》《走进新时代》《祝福祖国》《中国梦》……只要他们一登场,台上台下就是和声一片,激荡人心。
近年来,“社区春晚”、“农民春晚”成了哈密耀眼的文化风景线。催生这一风景的是“村(社区)文化室建设、农家书屋建设、体育活动场地建设、文化干事配备、文化活动队伍、文化活动经费保障”等基层公共文化服务体系。当地政府工作人员告诉我们,各级地方财政3年投入1亿元,修建了90个多功能村(社区)文化室。每个文化室都建有不小于200平方米的综合大厅,冬季也能进行演出活动、放电影、办培训。每个村(社区)配备了一名文化协管员,每月至少有1000元活动经费保障,每月至少办一次全体居民参与的文化活动……
正是政府推动与“草根力量”的互动,促进文化繁荣发展,300多支民间文艺团体活跃在哈密乡村、社区,一乡一品牌,一村一亮点,增强了各族群众的认同感、亲和感。通过把文化之根扎到基层,把乡土文化能人发掘出来的做法,把各类群众文化兴趣小组组织起来,让群众“种文化”、“育文化”、享受文化,参与其中、学在其中、乐在其中。
隨着“一带一路”建设的推进,哈密也日渐展现出它与丝绸之路重镇所匹配的产业飞跃。
采访过程中,我们目睹了一台台超临界火电机组的投产运营,一座座闪耀的光伏发电站并网发电,一条条特高压输电线路的连通,让哈密的传统优势资源——煤炭,在新型工业化的催生下产生了奇特的效益。全疆第一条±800千伏特高压直流输电通道从哈密直达郑州,截至目前已送电648亿度;新能源产业和装备制造业等绿色、低碳产业已经占据全市制造业的“半壁江山”,其中装备制造业工业增加值占全市规模以上工业增加值的16%;风电装备制造业实现了主体设备本地化生产,关键零部件制造率已达70%以上,成为全疆最大、产业链最全的新能源装备制造基地;光伏和电气装备制造业、石油和煤化工装备及矿山机械制造业产品本地化生产能力不断增强;镁合金、钛合金等新型材料加工业初步形成,当地新疆天之丰节能板材填补了疆内无大规模高档金属面夹芯板生产企业的空白……
哈密的油菜花田,是新疆夏季最美的风景之一。
这一串串数据,一个个鲜活的事例,都是哈密近年来产业发展的生动体现,都与哈密坚持科技创新优化发展分不开。哈密市已经通过加快高新技术人才培养来推进高新产业技术发展,并取得了相当成效。清华大学、河南新乡医学院、河南师大等高校在哈密的硕士研究生班相继开办,在本地培养硕士人才已达335人,新引进硕士以上学位人才148人。
人才、产业、文化、品牌全面复兴,哈密只是“一带一路”复兴之路上的一个剪影。
Hami: Reloaded for
A New Start
By Qi Yongye, our special reporter
Located in eastern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Hami is well known as the home of sweet Hami melons, a famous fruit specialty of the region. For most of its history that dates back to about 10,000 years, it was a place of strategic importance on the map of the Silk Road and a melting pot embracing all cultures. Marco Polo reported visiting “Camul” in the mid-14th century and that was the name under which todays Hami first appeared on European maps, during the 16th century.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220AD), Hami repeatedly changed hands between the Chinese and the Xiongnu who both wanted to control this fertile and strategic oasis, located only hundreds of kilometers from Yumen Fortress, one of the two most important strongholds safeguarding the two west-bound bifurcations of the ancient Silk Road. It is believed that the famous East Han general and cavalry commander Ban Chao, who led Han forces for over 30 years in the war against the Xiongnu and secured Han control over the Tarim Basin region, won his decisive victory near the Tianshan Temple, now towering like a giant on the mountaintop as a new landmark of the Tianshan area.
Archeological studies have proved that, as a city, Hami has a history of at least 2,000 years; but it is also one of the youngest cities in the Silk Road economic belt – in early 2016, the former Hami county-level city was merged with Hami Prefecture to form Hami prefecture-level city now known as Yizhou District.
On important festivals and events, the locals wear dazzlingly beautiful traditional costume and accoutrements characteristic of a charming fusion of the Han fashion embroidery elements with Uygur aesthetics. Local embroidery artisans in a village called Shazaojinare are transforming the regions unique craft into a new source of income, contributing to the exporting of the fabulous local arts and crafts at the same time. Launched 10 years ago, the online shop run by Aga Khan and his son now employs 25 people and brings in more than 400,000 yuans annual income for the family. The thriving business of the Aga Khan family is a vignette of the resurgence of the citys traditional textile industry. An industrial park newly opened in early 2017 now hosts 18 companies specializing in textile industrial innovation.endprint
The local government is also making great efforts to ‘rebrand the local agriculture to cater to a high-end clientele. The sales revenue of sweet Hami melons in the year 2017 is estimated to top 600 million yuan.
The cultural brilliance of Xinjiang is playing an increasingly important role in the economic life of the locals, as can be seen in Barkol Kazak Autonomous County. One of the countys tourism attractions, the Kazak Folk Custom Fairground is becoming a showroom of the colorful Kazakhstan folk culture and arts represented by the Bzrkol New Year Carnival, the 12 Muqams - the national oral epic of the Uyghurs and a UNESCO Intangible Heritage of Humanity and Kazak yurt craftsmanship. The county is drawing visitors from all over China to marvel at the stunning musical artistry of local performers.
A new grassroots cultural wave has been surging into the everyday life of the locals in recent years, thanks to the local governments vigorous investment in the construction of various cultural facilities such as village-level ‘cultural center where many activities are open to all people for free.
Todays Hami is bracing up for a new round of integration into the countrys ‘Belt & Road ambition, demonstrating enormous potentials of taking an important role as a key ‘station on the Silk Road. It hosts Xinjiang regions first ±800 kilovolt high-voltage power transmission passage that reaches Zhengzhou in Henan Province directly. New energy, equipment manufacturing and low-carbon industries are joining the citys pillar industrial sections legion, with high-tech materials manufacturing, such as magnesium and titanium alloy, emerging as a powerful player in the local industrial network. Keeping in mind its historical roots while embracing the future, Hami is building up projects on a grand scale.endprint