●张莹 邵爱芹
紫杉醇腹腔灌注联合口服替吉奥治疗晚期胃癌的疗效观察
●张莹 邵爱芹
目的:探讨替吉奥(S-1)联合紫杉醇腹腔内化疗治疗伴有恶性腹水的胃癌的疗效和安全性。方法:33例晚期胃癌合并腹水患者,根据体表面积确定替吉奥初始剂量,体表面积<1.25 m2,替吉奥40mg/次,2次/d;体表面积1.25一1.5 m2,替吉奥50mg/次,2次/d;体表面积>1.5 m2,替吉奥60mg/次,2次/d,早、晚饭后口服,连续服用14d,停药7d,21d为1周期。紫杉醇40mg/ m2加入0.9%生理盐水1000ml-2000ml腹腔内灌注,d1、8,21d为l周期,2周期后行疗效评价。按照WHO标准评价客观疗效和不良反应。结果:33例患者均可进行客观疗效及安全性评价,CR 1例,PR 15例,NC+PD 17例,腹水有效控制率(CR+PR)为48.5%(16/33)。不良反应主要是血液学毒性、胃肠道反应。Ⅲ一Ⅳ度的白细胞减少占12.1%(4/33)。结论:紫杉醇腹腔灌注联合口服替吉奥治疗晚期胃癌并腹水近期疗效较好,不良反应可以耐受,值得进一步推广。
紫杉醇;替吉奥;胃癌;腹水
胃癌患者复发和死亡的主要原因之一是继发的恶性腹腔积液,晚期胃癌患者约40%一60%发生腹膜转移,平均生存期仅为6—9个月”[1-3]。积极有效的治疗癌性腹水对提高晚期胃癌患者生活质量,延长生存期,改善预后有着重要临床意义。替吉奥(S-1)是新一代氟尿嘧啶类口服抗肿瘤药物,目前在日本作为治疗晚期胃癌的—线用药,有效率超过40%[4]。我科尝试使用S-1联合紫杉醇腹腔灌注双途径化疗治疗晚期胃癌合并腹水,取得良好疗效,现报道如下。
1.1 一般资料
本院2010年8月~2014年12月收治的33例晚期胃癌患者,纳入标准:①确诊的不能手术或术后复发转移性晚期胃腺癌;②年龄18~75岁;③有客观可测量的肿瘤病灶;④ Kamofsky评分>60分,预计生存期>3个月;⑤既往未接受过化放疗;⑥骨髓储备和肝肾功能正常。
1.2 治疗方法
所有患者均在B超引导下行腹腔穿刺,一般选取左髂前上棘与脐连线中外1/3处(反麦氏点)为穿刺点,常规穿刺消毒铺巾.留置14G中心静脉导管,缓慢排尽腹水,紫杉醇40mg/m2腹腔灌注第1天、第8天。使用紫杉醇化疗前按要求预处理:化疗前12h及化疗前6h肌注地塞米松10mg,化疗前半小时予苯海拉明2片口服和西咪替丁0.4静滴,同时给予5-HT受体拮抗剂盐酸阿扎司琼注射液100ml静滴预防胃肠道反应。嘱患者每30min变换一次体位,促使约物与腹膜充分接触。从腹腔灌注化疗第l天开始口服替吉奥胶囊,体表面积<1.25m2,替吉奥40mg/次,2次/d;体表面积1.25一1.5 m2,替吉奥50mg/次,2次/d;体表面积>1.5 m2,替吉奥60mg/次,2次/d。早、晚饭后口服,连续服用14d,停药7d,21d为1周期。连用至少2个周期后进行疗效评价。
1.3 评价标准
近期疗效评价,分为完全缓解、部分缓解、稳定和进展。疗效参照WHO标准评价:腹水消失并至少维持4周以上为完全缓解(CR);腹水量减少50%并维持4周以上为部分缓解(PR);未达上述指标,或虽有效,但治疗4周后仍需再次放腹水治疗为稳定(NC);腹水量增加为进展(PD);有效率为CR+PR。不良反应依据NCICTCV3.0标准评定,分为0~4级。
2.1 客观疗效
33例胃癌合并腹水患者,经口服s—l胶囊合并腹腔内灌注紫杉醇后,CR 1例,PR 15例,NC+PD 17例,腹水有效控制率(CR+PR)为48.5%(16/33)。
2.2 不良反应
33例患者均可评价不良反应,无治疗相关性死亡(见表1)。主要不良反应为血液学毒性、胃肠道反应。Ⅲ一Ⅳ度血液学毒性以贫血为主(33.3%,11/33),其次是白细胞减少(18.2%,6/33);Ⅲ一Ⅳ度胃肠道反应以恶心、呕吐为主(12.1%.4/33);全组无l例患者出现Ⅲ一Ⅳ度肝肾功能损害。全组33例患者中,白细胞下降Ⅱ~Ⅳ度28例,其中Ⅱ度22例,Ⅲ度4例,Ⅳ度2例。脱发I~Ⅱ度25例,Ⅲ一Ⅳ度8例。恶心/呕吐I~Ⅱ度28例,Ⅲ度及Ⅲ度以上4例。腹胀/腹痛I一Ⅱ度28例,Ⅲ度及Ⅲ度以上7例。2例出现过敏反应,经抗过敏等对症处理后,过敏反应消失。
表l S-1口服联合紫杉醇腹腔内化疗治疗胃癌合并腹水的不良反应(33例)
胃癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,居世界肿瘤死亡原因第二位。晚期胄癌常常出现腹膜转移,继而导致腹水形成。目前国内外尚无标准的治疗方案,既往NCCN指南推荐转移性胃癌和局部晚期胃癌可采用DCF、ECF、FOLFOX4等方案化疗,但疗效有限,且毒副作用显著。近年研究表明,替吉奥治疗胃癌较氟尿嘧啶(5一Fu)相比,更加高效低毒。S-1是新一代氟尿嘧啶衍生物口服抗癌剂,由替加氟、吉美嘧啶、奥替拉西钾组成。替加氟是5-FU的前体药物,经肝脏代谢生成5-FU,口服利用度高。吉美嘧啶通过抑制二氢嘧啶脱氢酶的活性抑制5-FU分解,使5-FU在血中的持续时间更长。长达12h的半衰期,使得口服S-1能够取得与5-FU持续静脉输注相同的血药浓度效果。奥替拉西钾则能特异性抑制肠道黏膜细胞内乳清酸核糖转移酶,阻断5-FU磷酸化,降低其消化道毒性。多项Ⅱ期临床试验显示S-1治疗进展期胃癌具有较好的疗效和安全性[5-9]。由于S-1的疗效甚至可以与一些联合化疗方案相媲美,已成为近期临床研究热点药物,有望取代5-FU成为胃癌化疗方案的核心药物[10-11]。
另外由于存在腹膜弥散屏障机制,化疗药物难以通过全身化疗途径达到采用局部腹腔内灌注化疗所能带来的临床获益。紫杉醇是一种亲脂性的大分子化合物,对癌细胞的杀灭作用与药物浓度和接触时间呈正相关。因此理论上采用小量多次的周疗给药模式优于单次给药模式,并且适用于存在肿瘤腹腔播散时经腹腔给药。与静脉给药相比,腹腔给药后血清紫杉醇浓度上升和下降均较缓,能够更长时间地维持较高水平;给药后6~24h,腹腔组中腹膜内、腹膜后、肠系膜淋巴结,肝、脾、胃、心等组织的血清浓度均高于静脉组[12]。多项临床研究证实腹腔给药后,腹腔积液药物浓度为静脉浓度的1000倍,并且血清浓度也能够达到具有细胞毒效应的有效浓度。紫杉醇的有效浓度在腹腔比血清能够维持更长时间(72h与48h)[13]。
本研究中,采用口服替吉奥联合腹腔内灌注紫杉醇双路化疗治疗胃癌合并腹水.腹水有效控制率达到48.5%(16/33),患者生活质量显著提高。与文献报道的白细胞减少等毒副反应相比通常为Ⅰ、Ⅱ度,本实验中Ⅲ一Ⅳ度白细胞减少发生率达到18.2%,我们认为是该药基础上联合紫杉醇药物毒副反应累加所致。通过我科临床应用,我们发现S—l联合腔内灌注紫杉醇治疗胃癌合并腹水是一种安全,有效的治疗措施,但尚需要大样本随机临床对照试验进一步验证。
(作者单位: 解放军第149医院消化肿瘤科)
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On the Efficacy of S-1 Combined with Paclitaxel (PTX) Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Carcinoma
∶Objective∶To investigate the efficacy and safety of S-1 combined with paclitaxel(PTX) intraperitoneal chemotherapy in advanced gastric carcinoma with ascites.Method∶ Thirty-three patients with advanced gastric carcinoma with ascites were included. In patient assigned to S-1 plus PTX, S-1 (40-60mg depending on patients’body area) was given orally, twice daily for 14 days. The medication lasted for fourteen days, followed by 7days rest. At the same time, PTX(40mg/m2depending on patients’ body area)plus 1000-2000ml 0.9% physiological saline were given in peritoneal cavity on the first day and seventh day respectively, twenty one days as a cycle, 2cycles totally. The efficacy and adverse effects were evaluated according to the common toxicity criteria of WHO. Results∶ All 33 patients could be given an objective evaluation of the efficacy and safety, 1 cases of CR, 15 cases of PR, 17 cases of (NC+PD), the objective response rate(CR+PR) was 48.5%(16/33). The main side effects were gastrointestinal reactions haematology toxicity, the decrease of grade III-IV leukocytes accounted for 12.1(4/33).Conclusion∶ S-1 capsule combined with PTX intraperitoneal chemotherapy is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma with ascites. The adverse effects are tolerant. It is worthy of further investigation in clinical practice.
∶Lpaclitaxel; S-1; gastric carcinoma, ascites.
邵爱芹