峡谷和天然桥—澳大利亚托蒂拉普国家公园

西澳大利亚州野生动植物和公园管理局

峡谷和天然桥—澳大利亚托蒂拉普国家公园

西澳大利亚州野生动植物和公园管理局

1 峡谷和天然桥的概念平面图概念平面展示了所有设计要素，包括停车场、野餐聚会区、道路系统和眺望台。The Gap and Natural Bridge concept plan Concept plan showing all design elements including parking, picnic and gathering areas, path network and lookouts.

国家公园的设计存在多方面的限制条件，受制于许多未知的复杂因素。风景园林能够对这些限制因素有所回应，即与场地相互渗透，由经验驱动，并且往往受社会政治所控制，包括为旅游业提供具有吸引力的设施。

峡谷和天然桥位于西澳大利亚州奥尔巴尼市的托蒂拉普国家公园（Torndirrup National Park），它的重建是为了创造一条壮观而体验丰富的游览路径，在规避游客安全风险的同时，增加访客的容量并提高可达性，这需要解决建造环境恶劣及海岸高度腐蚀的问题。

2 峡谷眺望台实体模型峡谷眺望台实体模型由泡沫、醋酸材料、卡纸和铝构成。使用3D激光测量技术进行岩土勘测和模型生成。The Gap Lookout physical model Physical model of the Gap Lookout concept constructed from foam, acetate, card and aluminium. A 3D laser survey was used for geotechnical investigations and used to generate the model.

3 峡谷和天然桥鸟瞰图从空中看，花岗岩场地的形态与不锈钢扶手、混凝土道路和模块化的格栅板所形成的硬朗线条相互呼应。轮椅可以通过道路到达各个眺望台。Aerial view over the Gap and Natural Bridge From the air the jointed granitic site is mimicked by the strong lines of the stainless steel handrail, the jointed concrete paths and modular grating panels. The path alignments allow wheelchair access to both lookouts.

4 由场地向西观赏的鸟瞰图游客可以站在峡谷眺望台上，从距离悬崖面以外4m的地方观赏37m以下的海面。海面翻涌时站在眺望台上仍可感受到激起的浪花。Site overview looking west The Gap Lookout allows visitors views from 4m past the cliff face and 37m above sea level. In large swell the sea sprays water jets up towards the lookout.

5 峡谷眺望台鸟瞰图眺望台在端点处放大，游客可以透过底部的矩形格栅观赏脚下波涛汹涌的海面。5个长条形悬臂结构横梁（10.7m长）可支撑观景台。Aerial view over the Gap Lookout Rectangular shaped grating with larger openings at the front of the lookout allows views through to the surging ocean below. Five slender box beams cantilever 10.7m to support the viewing deck.

场地原有3m宽的平台和狭窄的道路，作为奥尔巴尼地区的主要旅游胜地，却无法承载每年24万人次的游客量。人们常在场地寻找完美的观景视角和更好的观景体验，而场地内常出现波涛汹涌、强风、巨浪以及湿滑的片麻岩和花岗岩跌落和崩塌现象，存在着未知的危险，目前已发生多起重伤和死亡事件。

为了降低场地的危险性并逐步完善基础设施，该项目在场地内部构架了一个道路网络，使用2个安全的悬臂结构组成整个场地的核心节点。37m高的悬崖之下就是波涛汹涌的大海，人们在这样的峡谷空间体验邂逅。如何化解人工构筑物与壮美景观之间的冲突至关重要，这需要结构体现出其精妙之处和可信度。虽然项目实质目的是进行场地干预，但应表现出对游客、老人、流动人群、残疾人和对园区感兴趣的家庭等各类到访者仔细周到的照顾[1]。

由于该地块不规则且高低不平，因此需要选择合适的建造形式以增强其通达性，路径表面与其隐藏结构都至关重要。经考虑，结构与场地的交界处使用双面2205不锈钢岩石锚点，以削减岩石的醒目特征。

6 于峡谷眺望台向西北观景经由坡道下到峡谷的悬崖边缘，游客的体验逐渐增强。为保证坡道不受环境腐蚀，采用光滑的双面抛光不锈钢材料。Looking north-west on the Gap LookoutThe visitor experience is enhanced by a ramp descending into the Gap past the cliff edge. Smooth polished duplex stainless steel was used to withstand the corrosive environment.

7 向南观集散广场和远处的峡谷眺望台为纪念场地内部岩石的形成历史，集散广场的混凝土路面纹理采用9亿年前罗迪尼亚超大陆的图样。Looking south over Gathering Area with the Gap Lookout beyondThe gathering area has textured concrete displaying a graphic of the supercontinent Rodinia, (900 million years ago), which is when site rock was formed.

8 穿过集散广场向西为危险提示牌和讲解牌Looking west over Gathering Area to the interpretive and visitor risk signs集散广场使用大量喷砂混凝土展示了罗迪尼亚超大陆的图样。一旁的指示牌为游客介绍The gathering area concrete graphic has labels of the land masses of the了大陆的演变进程。supercontinent Rodinia sandblasted into the concrete. Adjacent signs give visitors information about the processes leading to its current formation.

9 向东北方向观高架人行道、混凝土路径和天然桥眺望台Looking north east over the elevated walkway and concrete paths towards the Natural Bridge lookout beyond

10 穿过高架的人行道向南侧望向观景区Looking south over the elevated walkway towards the viewing area

施工质量是项目设计与规划的核心，也是建成后立即投入为游客服务的关键。如植被的选择、储存和繁殖，临时建筑的安置，利用卵石保护岩石表面并重建植物群落。优先使用已经人为干预的区域，拆除旧的基础设施，并对场所进行恢复。

在景观团队、工程团队、翻译团队和当地行业之间建立教学关系也十分重要。专业间的互惠将转化为对场地和现状的高度尊重。

2016年4月场地重新开放后的第一年，来自当地、州际和国际的游客游览量超过36万。该场地使国家公园更具吸引力，再次受到了游客的青睐，也因当地企业的不断推进而更具活力。

主要景观及建筑设计、标识系统设计、施工监理：

西澳大利亚州野生动植物和公园管理局

客户及内部项目管理：西澳大利亚州野生动植物和公园管理局

结构、土木和岩土工程，施工管理：GHD私人有限公司

施工：BGC施工部

合同管理：西澳大利亚州建设管理和工作部门（财政部）

项目区位：西澳大利亚州，奥尔巴尼市，托蒂拉普国家公园

设计年份：2013—2014年

建成时间：2016年5月6日

项目面积：3 600m²

照片来源：西澳大利亚州野生动植物和公园管理局

翻译：张希

校对：王晞月

11 向南观斜坡式高架人行道，也是通往峡谷眺望台的轮椅通道Looking south over the ramped elevated walkway which provides wheelchair access to the the Gap lookout

12 由峡谷眺望台向南观，约60名游客在悬崖边缘停留Looking south at the Gap Lookout with approximately 60 visitors suspended over the cliff edge

[1] Beatrice Galilee. Invasions in the Landscape[J/OL]. Abitare, 2009.（2009-03-24）.http://www.abitare.it/en/ architecture/2009/03/24/invasions-in-the-landscape-2/.

13 沿混凝土路径和停坐场地向西看路径设计设有盲板，以缓和地面岩石的不规则表面。上方顶板产生的阴影线营造出浮雕的美感。Looking west along the concrete path and seating node The paths were designed with a blinding slab to take up the irregularities in the rocky ground surface, while a top slab above creates a shadow line and floating aesthetic.

The critical constraints of design in national parks are multifaceted with many unseen complexities. Landscape architectural responses in these settings are trans fi xed with site, driven by the experiential and often governed by socio-political ambitions including the provision of 'drawcard' facilities for tourism.

At The Gap and Natural Bridge in Torndirrup National Park, Albany, the redevelopment sought to create a spectacular and rewarding visitor experience whilst responding to visitor risk, a need to increase visitor capacity and improve their access, overcome a confronting construction environment and address a highly corrosive coastal setting.

A key tourism attraction for the Albany area, the sites previous 3m wide platforms and narrow paths failed to cater for the 240 000 visits each year. This left the uninitiated endangering themselves seeking the perfect viewing angle and a heightened experience amid a site often characterised by rough oceans, high winds, sea spray and slippery gneiss and granodiorite rock subject to fall and collapse. Several serious injuries and deaths have occurred.

14 向西观天然桥眺望台，南海上海浪拍打着礁石Looking west over the Natural Bridge Lookout with the Southern Ocean waves crashing beyond

15 向西观天然桥眺望台天然桥眺望台通过悬臂架空在自然排水线和峭壁边缘不稳定的岩石之上。Looking west over the Natural Bridge LookoutThe Natural Bridge Lookout cantilevers over natural drainage line and over unstable rock at the cliff edge.

16 向西南方向观天然桥眺望台Looking south-west to the Natural Bridge Lookout

17 从野餐区向南看场地现有的巨石被重新塑形后，作为座椅放置在野餐区中预制混凝土桌旁。看上去像越来越多的岩石沿着斜坡滑落，自然地融入场地之中。Looking south at the picnic areaBoulders from site were shaped and placed as seats next to precast concrete tables in the picnic area. It appears that the rock beyond has tumbled down the slope into the design.

18 从峡谷另一边向西观眺望台及岛屿Looking west from the other side of the Gap towards the lookout with islands beyond

Designed to balance risk with reward and conscious of sanitisation resulting from increased infrastructure, the project conceived a network of pathways grafted to site culminating in two secure cantilevered structures. At The Gap this enables visitors to experience an encounter in space beyond the precipice standing 37 metres above the crashing ocean below. Negotiating the tension between the presence of an alien structure and a sublime landscape is paramount. The structures need to embody both subtlety and con fi dence in order to succeed. They aim to intervene but to exude only thoughtful and careful curation of the tourists, elderly, ambulant, disabled and interested families[1]across the site.

Augmenting access across the irregular and rugged nature of the features required a responsive built form where detail was as critical above finished floor level as it was below. Considered interfaces with the site ranged from duplex 2205 stainless steel rock anchors to rebates highlighting rock form and character.

Constructability was central to design and project planning essential to have a 'tourism ready product' immediately after construction. Retrieval, storage and propagation of vegetation, placement of a temporary construction access track and repurposing boulders preserved the rock surface and re-established vegetation communities. Existing disturbed areas were used in preference and old infrastructure removed and site rehabilitated.

Establishing a pedagogical relationship between the landscape architecture team, the engineering team, the interpretation team and local trades was essential. Mutual professional benefit translated into a highly considered response to site and brief.

More than 360 000 locals, interstate and international tourists have visited in the first year following reopening in April 2016. The site has again been embraced by those visiting and promoted by local businesses for its enrichment of the national park experience.

19 从峡谷另一边向西北方向观眺望台以及37m以下的南海Looking north-west from the other side of the Gap towards the lookout with the Southern Ocean 37 metres below

Principal Landscape Architecture and Architectural Design, Sign Design, Construction Supervision: Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia Client and Internal Project Management: Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia

Structural, Civil and Geotechnical Engineering, Construction Management: GHD Pty Ltd

Construction: BGC Construction

Contract Management: Building Management and Works Western Australia (Department of Finance)

Location: Torndirrup National Park, Albany, Western Australia

Design Year: 2013—2014

Date of Completion: 6th May 2016

Area: 3 600m²

Photo Credits: Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia

Translator: ZHANG Xi

Proofreader: WANG Xi-yue

The Gap and Natural Bridge—Torndirrup National Park, Australia

Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia

（编辑/刘蓝蓝 陈雨茜）