罗平,林鸿生,方健辉,张文,蔡超辰
组织特征超声成像技术量化健康跟腱和髌韧带组织的信度研究①
罗平1,林鸿生2,方健辉3,张文3,蔡超辰4
目的 研究使用组织特征超声成像技术量化健康跟腱和髌韧带组织的信度。方法 2016年8月至2017年4月,测试者A和测试者B分别使用组织特征超声成像技术量化评估43例受试者优势腿的健康跟腱和髌韧带组织。测试者B使用同样的方法测试另外22名受试者优势腿的健康髌韧带组织,第二天重复测试。量化跟腱和髌韧带组织,计算组内相关系数(ICC)和最小可检测变化值(MDD)。结果 不同测试者量化评估跟腱时ICC 0.492~0.735,MDD 0.3%~3.0%。不同测试者量化评估髌韧带时ICC 0.383~0.678,MDD 0.3%~4.4%。量化评估髌韧带时重测信度ICC 0.525~0.760,MDD 0.6%~5.3%。结论 组织特征超声成像技术量化健康跟腱和髌韧带组织的测试者间信度有待提高,重测信度优良,测量误差小。
组织特征超声;跟腱;髌韧带;信度
肌腱病是一种在运动和代谢性疾病中常见的主要医学问题,表现为局部敏感、疼痛和肿胀,导致肌腱局部和肌腱所在功能链的功能下降,可能是局部负荷过度所导致[1]。肌腱病中最常见的是跟腱炎和髌韧带炎。尽管跟腱炎和髌韧带炎发生率非常高,但是其确切的发病机理和有效的治疗方法目前仍然没有定论。许多研究表明,影像技术所呈现的肌腱病理优于临床症状发展的呈现[2]。因此,寻找一种量化肌腱组织的方法,从而探查跟腱炎和髌韧带炎组织的早期变化[3],对于监测、治疗肌腱病非常有意义。
组织特征超声(ultrasound tissue characterization,UTC)是一种新颖的成像技术,能够通过传统B型超声显示跟腱和髌韧带的三维立体影像。UTC成像技术最早用于评估欧美国家赛马跟腱组织完整性,量化其组织[4]。肌腱病的高发生率可能与肌腱完整性的改变有关。目前,UTC成像技术用于欧美国家运动爱好者和代谢性疾病患者等的跟腱和髌韧带的研究,但在亚洲其研究目前仍是空白,且使用此技术对于量化评估肌腱组织结构完整性的测试者间信度(inter-tester reliability,Inter-R)和重测信度(intra-tester reliability,Intra-R)目前不清晰。
本研究观察UTC成像技术量化评估健康跟腱和髌韧带组织完整性的Inter-R和Intra-R,以及其最小可检测变化值(minimal detectable difference,MDD)。
1.1 一般资料
2016年8月至2017年4月,在广东省体育医院募集受试者65例,其中男性39例,女性26例;年龄22~65岁。
纳入标准:未患过急慢性肌腱炎,未曾接受肌腱手术,未服用过会影响肌腱的任何药物,无其他神经系统、运动系统等疾病。
所有受试者均签署知情同意书。按照世界卫生组织年龄划分标准将受试者分为两组。青年组(18~40岁,n=47),年龄22~33岁,平均25岁;平均身高168 cm,平均体质量62 kg。中年组(41~65岁,n=18),年龄41~65岁,平均49岁;平均身高161 cm,平均体质量59 kg。
1.2 方法
UTC(UM002-imaging,2014,The Netherlands)成像技术量化肌腱(目前只有两个探头分别用于量化评估跟腱和髌韧带),使用相关报道所描述的标准流程[4-6]。测试跟腱时,受试者俯卧于检查床上,两足悬空;测试髌韧带时,受试者仰卧于检查床上。踝关节和膝关节分别标准化地背屈和屈曲,然后轻度牵拉(图1~图2)。偶合剂均匀地涂抹于皮肤、固定支架和传感器上,高分辨率线性排列的传感器(Smartprobe 10L5,Terason 2000,Teratech,USA)垂直于跟腱和髌韧带的长轴,扫描长度超过肌腱的长度。有三个特征显示为好的扫描结果:①在横断面影像中,肌腱处于中间并旋转得当(图3);②在矢状面影像中,肌腱清晰并且平行排列(图4);③在冠状面影像中,肌腱处于笔直状态(图5)。专设的配套软件用于收集数据和分析数据。
UTC技术对三维立体肌腱的连续信号分出四种不同的超声类型:Ⅰ型(高稳定型),由完整的排列成一直线的纤维束构成;Ⅱ型(中稳定型),由少量和/或多数波浪形纤维束构成;Ⅲ型(高变化型),由纤维基质构成;Ⅳ型(不断地低强度和变化性分布型),由细胞基质和/或流动的液体构成。计算这四种超声类型各自的比例,对肌腱进行量化,从而反映肌腱的正常结构和/或病理状态[7]。
测试者A和测试者B分别经过UTC成像技术、数据收集和数据分析的专项培训3个月后,按照标准流程使用UTC成像技术量化评估43名(青年组25名,中年组18名)受试者优势腿的跟腱和髌韧带组织。测试者B使用同样方法量化评估22名没有患过急慢性肌腱炎的年轻受试者优势腿的髌韧带组织,在随后的一天再次测试。所有测试均为各测试两次,取均值。
1.3 统计学分析
应用SPSS 23.0对所得数据进行统计学分析。计算组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。ICC(2,2)(双向随机效应模型,绝对一致)用于计算Inter-R,ICC(3,1)(双向混合效应模型,一致性)用于计算Intra-R[8]。ICC〈0.40 认为信度差,0.40~0.75 认为信度良,ICC〉0.75认为信度优[5,9]。基于信度系数(reliability coefficients),计算标准误(the standard error of measurement,SEM,SEM=SD×1-ICC)和最小可检测变化值(theminimaldetectabledifference,MDD,MDD=1.96×SEM×2)。
测试者A和测试者B使用UTC技术量化评估跟腱,ICC 0.492~0.735,MDD 0.3%~3.0%。见表1。
测试者A和测试者B使用UTC技术量化评估髌韧带,ICC 0.383~0.678,MDD 0.3%~4.4%。见表2。
测试者B使用UTC技术两次量化评估髌韧带,ICC 0.525~0.760,MDD 0.6%~5.3%。见表3。
图1 跟腱扫描
图2 髌韧带扫描
图3 跟腱横断面影像
图4 跟腱矢状面影像
图5 跟腱冠状面影像
表1 优势腿跟腱测试Inter-R
表2 优势腿髌韧带测试Inter-R
表3 优势腿髌韧带测试Intra-R
在欧美一些发达国家,UTC成像技术是量化评估肌腱组织结构的一种可靠和有效的手段[5],最早用于对赛马跟腱的评估[4],目前用于对人肌腱的评估。因其能对肌腱进行量化并有别于其他超声只能定性而不能定量[10]的特点而受到重视,成为医学界关注的评估技术热点之一,在肌腱病的临床治疗和科学研究中逐渐凸显出其独特的应用价值。
目前UTC技术在运动医学领域主要用于对正常肌腱和病态肌腱的组织结构进行量化,从而对两者进行分辨[5,11];对慢性肌腱病的监测[12-13];对肌腱病治疗前后的评价[14-15]以及监测运动量对运动员肌腱的影响[6-7,16-18]等。许多研究表明,代谢性疾病与肌腱结构的关系非常密切[19-22]。在欧美发达国家目前使用UTC成像技术检测和监测代谢性疾病患者肌腱的研究较少[17,23],此项技术还用于脂肪肝和心血管系统疾病等的监测研究[24-27]。然而,UTC成像技术在亚洲目前还没有被使用,量化评估健康跟腱和髌韧带组织结构的Inter-R和Intra-R以及其MDD目前不知。
UTC成像技术使用传统的B型超声技术,通过收集到的稳定连续的肌腱横截面超声影像,还原成肌腱的三维图像,用以量化肌腱组织结构。UTC成像技术所提示的与肌腱结构相关的超声影像,直接由肌腱中的胶原束和横截面中大量的连续稳定信号所决定。van Schie等使用UTC成像技术量化评估26例跟腱病和26例无跟腱病受试者的跟腱,计算跟腱Ⅰ型+Ⅱ型的百分比,从而得出Inter-R和Intra-R为优(ICC〉0.95)[5],认为UTC成像技术是量化评估肌腱的可靠方法[28]。
本研究中不同测试者分别量化评估健康跟腱和髌韧带,分别计算跟腱和髌韧带的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型各自的百分比,得出Inter-R跟腱为良,测量误差小;Inter-R髌韧带为介于差和良之间,测量误差小,但较量化评估跟腱时大。Intra-R髌韧带介于良和优之间,测量误差小。本研究所得的Inter-R跟腱较国外一些研究报道为低,可能与操作者使用UTC成像技术的熟练程度、注意事项的把握程度、所选的测试区域不同和不同种族之间跟腱解剖结构的细微差别等有关。目前一些国外研究报道中,未见有相关的Inter-R髌韧带、Intra-R髌韧带和MDD的报道。
导致Intra-R较Inter-R好的原因推测如下。第一,虽然测试者A和测试者B经过3个月的专项培训,但在测试时不同测试者在使用传感器时向下的压力、倾斜的角度等都有细微的差别。第二,不同测试者对跟腱和髌韧带的立体三维解剖认识有差别,导致在跟腱和髌韧带上所做的标记点只是相近,而不是完全相同。第三,虽然不同测试者使用同样的分析数据软件,但所选的肌腱感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI)只是相近而不是完全相同。而测试跟腱时的Inter-R较测试髌韧带时的Inter-R好,可能由于传感器垂直于髌韧带较垂直于跟腱更难所导致。
本研究建立使用UTC成像技术量化评估健康跟腱和髌韧带组织完整性的MDD,测量误差都较小,表明本研究对肌腱的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型各自占测试所选用的肌腱ROI的百分比取两次测试的平均值,是可取和准确的,同时表明UTC成像技术是一种量化评估肌腱的准确可行的方法。测试者需在量化评估不同肌腱时,考虑传感器向下的压力、倾斜的角度,受试者放松程度、所选的肌腱ROI和被测试肌腱相邻关节角度等相关因素,并对此因素进行标准化。但如何标准化还需进一步的研究。
本文的受试者都为健康而无急慢性肌腱病,且受试者的数量较少,没有进行跟腱Intra-R研究和中年组的Intra-R研究,是本文的局限所在。
综上所述,本研究建立组织特征超声成像技术量化健康跟腱和髌韧带组织方法中,Intra-R优良,测量误差小,但Inter-R有待进一步提高。
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Reliability of Ultrasound Tissue Characterization for Quantifing Integrity of Achilles Tendon and Patellar Tendon in People without Tendinopathy
LUO Ping1,LIN Hong-sheng2,FANG Jian-hui3,ZHANG Wen3,CAI Chao-chen4
1.Department of Sports Health Care,Guangdong Vocational Institute of Sport,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510663,China;2.Department of Clinic,Special Operation Academy,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510500,China;3.Guangdong Sports Hospital,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510100,China;4.Department of Rehabilitation Sciences,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong 999077,China
Objective To investigate the reliability of ultrasound tissue characterization(UTC)for quantifing the integrity of achilles tendon and patellar tendon in subjects without tendinopathy.Methods From August,2016 to April,2017,testers A and B quantified integrity of achilles tendon and patellar tendon of dominant legs from 43 subjects without tendinopathy by UTC in random order respectively.Tester B quantified integrity of patellar tendon of dominant legs from other 22 subjects without tendinopathy by the same way,and repeated the measurements the next day.Interclass correlation coefficient(ICC)and the minimum detectable different(MDD)were calculated.Results The ICC of inter-rater reliability of achilles tendon assessment was 0.492 to 0.735,MDD was 0.3%to 3.0%.The ICC of inter-rater reliability of patellar tendon assessment was 0.383 to 0.678,MDD was 0.3%to 4.4%.The ICC of intra-rater reliability of patellar tendon assessment was 0.525~0.760,MDD was 0.6%to 5.3%.Conclusion The test-retest reliability of UTC for the quantification of integrity structure of achilles tendon and patellar tendon is satisfactory with little error,the inter-rater reliability need to be improved.
which is a accurate and feasible tool to quantify tendon by the same tester.
ultrasound tissue characterization;achilles tendon;patellar tendon;reliability
LUO Ping.E-mail:cptlp@163.com
R322.7
A
1006-9771(2017)10-1166-05
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2017.10.009
[本文著录格式] 罗平,林鸿生,方健辉,等.组织特征超声成像技术量化健康跟腱和髌韧带组织的信度研究[J].中国康复理论与实践,2017,23(10):1166-1170.
CITED AS:Luo P,Lin HS,Fang JH,et al.Reliability of ultrasound tissue characterization for quantifing integrity of achilles tendon and patellar tendon in people without tendinopathy[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2017,23(10):1166-1170.
广东省体育局2016-2017年科研项目(No.GDSS2016178)。
1.广东体育职业技术学院体育保健系,广东广州市510663;2.特种作战学院门诊部,广东广州市510500;3.广东省体育医院,广东广州市510100;4.香港理工大学康复治疗科学系,香港999077。作者简介:罗平(1979-),女,汉族,浙江台州市人,硕士研究生,副教授、医师,主要研究方向:运动医学。E-mail:cptlp@163.com。
2017-05-10
2017-08-01)