非谓语动词讲解

郝宏丽

动词不定式、过去分词v-ed及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫非谓语动词。

一、动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”

1.动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。

They are said to be building another bridge across the river.

It is said that they are building another bridge across the river.

We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.

He pretended to be listening attentively.

He is said to have written a new book about workers.

It is said that he has written a new book about workers.

The enemy was reported to have surrendered.

It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.

She seemed to have heard about it already.

It seemed that she had already heard about it.

I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.

I am sorry I have given you so much trouble.

I am very pleased to have been of help.

He pretended not to have seen me.

They are said to have been collecting stamps in Ynnan.

The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

2. not to do Tell the children not to play on the street.

3. for /of sb to do It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest.

It is very kind of you to help him every day.

4.动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。

如：To help each other is good. 作主语

Tell the children not to play on the street. 作宾补

My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 作表语

We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. 作状语

This will be our library to be built next year. 作定语

I felt ashamed to have done such a thing. 完成式

I want to go home. Its very late. 作宾语

二、——动词-ing形式 （表主动进行）

1.-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：

He stood there，smiling.

The building being built is our library.

Having found the cause，they were able to find a way.

Having been there many times，he offered to be our guide.

2.-ing形式的基本用法。作主語，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语。

The person giving us a report is Mr. Smith. 作定语

Seeing is believing. 作主语 作表语

I enjoy listening to music in my spare time. 作宾语

He stood there，smiling. 作状语

I heard my sister singing in her room. 作宾补

三、-ed 过去分词

1.过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作（被动完成）。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等成分。

The stolen car was found by the police last week. 作表语

The glass is broken. 作表语

When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 宾语补足语

Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill，our town looks beautiful。作状语

Given more time/ If given more time，we could have done it better。作状语

This is the big ball bought yesterday. 作定语

=This is the big ball which was bought yesterday

四、独立主格结构

一般情况下不定式、-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和不定式、-ing或过去分词构成独立主格结构。

The bell ringing，we all stopped talking.

She read the letter，tears rolling down her cheeks.

It being Sunday，we went camping.

Weather permitting，we will go fishing.

With + n. + to do＼ doing ＼ done

1） With all the dishes to wash，you cannot go out. （在这个结构中，不定式多用主动形式）

2） She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.

3） All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.

4） He lay in bed，with his eyes fixed on the ceiling.

（He fixed his eyes on the ceiling.）

逻辑主语：指非谓语动词意义上的主语。例如：

1） My teacher asked me to read.

主 谓 宾 宾补

又可以说me 是 to read 的逻辑主语。

2）have sb. do sb. 是 to do 的逻辑主语。

Have sb. doing sb. 是 to doing 的邏辑主语。

Have sth done sth 是 done 的逻辑主语。