杨文明 昌伦杰 朱轶 高春海 罗慎超
中国石油塔里木油田分公司开发事业部
哈拉哈塘油田生产井井壁垮塌原因分析
杨文明 昌伦杰 朱轶 高春海 罗慎超
中国石油塔里木油田分公司开发事业部
哈拉哈塘油田油井主要采用裸眼完井方式,生产过程中由于井壁失稳,部分井裸眼段发生不同程度井壁垮塌,造成油井减产或者停产。通过对垮塌井返出岩样及井径测井的综合分析,确定了井壁垮塌层位主要为良里塔格组及一间房组。从井壁垮塌机理角度,对地应力场及垮塌井的垮塌层位、完井方式、储层类型、生产特征等进行了分析,得出井壁垮塌主要由油井外因和内因综合作用引起的,内因包括储层性质、储集规模和区域地应力;外因包括完井方式和储层改造措施。认为井眼轨迹与天然裂缝的匹配关系对井壁稳定有一定的影响(内因),而地应力失衡、岩石强度低、地层压力释放以及酸压、射孔是哈拉哈塘油田井壁垮塌的外因,也是主要原因。
哈拉哈塘; 碳酸盐岩; 井壁垮塌; 应力失衡; 酸压; 射孔
哈拉哈塘油田位于塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮南低凸起西围斜哈拉哈塘鼻状构造带上。奥陶系沉积期至志留系沉积前,塔北地区发生了多次构造抬升,期间整个塔北表现为一大型南倾斜坡[1]。在断裂及裂缝沟通下,地表水深入地下对奥陶系碳酸盐岩进行多期次、长期溶蚀,形成了奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶型优质储层[2-3],后经海西期成藏[4],形成了哈拉哈塘油田。油藏埋深6 500~7 200 m,为常温常压未饱和油藏。
哈拉哈塘油田主要采用裸眼完井,裸眼段包括良里塔格组及其以下地层(吐木休克组、一间房组、鹰山组)。岩性上,良里塔格组主要为一套瘤状灰岩、泥晶-颗粒灰岩和藻粘结岩,以瘤状灰岩为主;吐木休克组以泥晶灰岩为主,夹褐色泥岩;一间房组主要为一套颗粒灰岩;鹰山组以泥晶灰岩为主,夹颗粒灰岩。生产过程中由于井壁失稳,部分井裸眼段发生不同程度的垮塌。井壁垮塌造成油井减产或者停产,作业成本大幅增加。笔者结合油井实际情况,对井壁垮塌原因进行了分析,为预防井壁垮塌提供了可靠资料。
Characteristics of wellbore collapse
哈拉哈塘油田部分油井裸眼段井壁垮塌存在以下特征:(1)生产动态上表现为:油压突然降低,产量大幅度下降或停产,关井后压力仍能恢复到垮塌前水平(见图 1);(2)井径测井表明存在扩径现象;(3)工程上表现为:钻杆或电缆探底表明井底被埋数十米至上百米,捞砂筒捞出大块垮塌物。
图1 HA13-A井垮塌生产动态曲线Fig. 1 Production performance curve of collapsed Well HA13-A
截至2017年6月,哈拉哈塘油田共有试采井283口,已证实垮塌101井次,砂埋深度8.7~278 m,平均被埋深度达75 m,累计影响原油产量22.7万t。
Distinguish of collapse horizon
哈拉哈塘油田油井主要采用裸眼完井,技术套管下至良里塔格组顶部,因此,井壁垮塌层位限定为良里塔格组及其以下层位。对601-K井垮塌岩样分析表明,井壁垮塌岩块为灰-灰白色及褐色,岩性主要为颗粒灰岩及泥-微晶灰岩(图2)。根据区域地层岩性特征,推测浅色灰岩为一间房组或良里塔组台地浅水沉积,褐色灰岩为良里塔格组瘤状灰岩。另据601-G井2次井径测井结果,良里塔格组、吐木休克组顶底部及一间房组都存在扩径现象,但以良里塔格组和一间房组为主。
因此哈拉哈塘井壁垮塌层位主要为良里塔格组和一间房组,吐木休克组顶底少量井段存在垮塌。
图2 601-K井垮塌岩块照片(左)及岩性组成(薄片鉴定)(右)Fig. 2 Comparison of caliper logging before and after the wellbore collapse of Well 601-G
Analysis on the cause of wellbore collapse
从机理上来讲,井壁垮塌为井壁处应力超过了岩石强度而导致的井壁失稳,地应力失衡、岩石强度较低、酸压改造等都容易引起井壁垮塌[5-13]。对哈拉哈塘油田油井的储层类型、动态储量、单位压降产油量、井型、完井方式等方面进行统计分析,裂缝-孔洞型储层、储量规模小(<30万t)、单位压降下产油量小(<400 t/MPa)的油井垮塌几率更大,完井方式(是否射孔、酸压)及井斜与地应力匹配关系对井壁稳定性也有重要影响(表1)。
综上分析井壁垮塌的原因主要有:
(1)储层类型与储集规模是根本原因。裂缝-孔洞型储层由于裂缝发育,地层在裂缝面强度大大降低;储集体规模小,地层能量补充不及时,临界生产压差变化加快,故储集规模较小且裂缝-孔洞发育的储层易发生井壁垮塌。统计某区块投产的82口井,平均单井控制动态地质储量为24.1×104t,15口井壁坍塌的井动态地质储量较小,皆小于平均值,且储层发育以裂缝-孔洞为主,见表2。
表1 哈拉哈塘井壁垮塌井分类统计对比Table 1 Statistical comparison of collapsed wells in Halahatang Oilfeld based on classifcation
表2 哈拉哈塘井壁垮塌井分类统计Table 2 Classifcation statistics of collapsed wells in Halahatang Oilfeld
(2)井眼轨迹与天然裂缝的匹配关系。哈拉哈塘油田天然裂缝走向与主应力方位关系:裂缝倾角中高角度为主,裂缝走向与主应力方位大部分一致,局部垂直,见图3。
哈拉哈塘油田地层倾向与主应力方位关系:地层倾角0~20°,地层倾向与主应力方位大角度相交,见图4。
图3 HAX1、HAX2、HAX3井天然裂缝走向与主应力方位关系Fig. 3 Photo (left) and lithologic composition (thin section)(right) of collapsed rock in Well 601-K
图4 HAX1、HAX2、HAX3井地层倾向与主应力方位关系Fig. 4 Relationship between natural fracture strike and main stress orientation in Wells HAX1, HAX2 and HAX3
HAX1井主应力方位北东向50°左右,钻井过程中直井段仅拾取8条天然裂缝,且角度较低,走向与主应力方位近乎垂直,天然裂缝渗透性相对较差,直井井壁稳定性较好。侧钻井段钻遇相对稳定性较差方位,天然裂缝影响下,开采中易沿天然裂缝面垮塌,造成井壁失稳,见图5。
(3)射孔酸压促使井壁垮塌。酸压使井筒周边地层被溶蚀成一定长度的人工孔洞和裂缝,使原本处于应力平衡状态的岩层被打破,弹性模量和泊松比下降,从而降低岩石破裂压力及抗流体冲蚀的能力。酸液酸蚀过程中,碳酸盐岩基质与酸反应,对岩石结构造成的一定程度破坏,充填物分散、破碎、脱落、 运移进入井筒。
灰岩属于脆性岩石,射孔带来的强烈穿刺,会引起岩石成片剥落,增加井壁不稳定性,加之后期酸化影响,效果进一步凸显。统计15口垮塌井中,有8口井同时进行过射孔酸压,见表3。
表3 哈拉哈塘井壁垮塌井射孔酸压情况统计Table 3 Statistics of perforation and acid fracturing in collapsed wells in Halahatang Oilfeld
(4)井型对井壁垮塌有一定的影响。15口垮塌井中,井斜斜度与井壁垮塌无必然联系;但水平井垮塌后,垮塌对产层影响较大,见表4。
表4 哈拉哈塘井壁垮塌井坍塌高度与井斜对比统计Table 4 Statistics on the relationship between collapse height and borehole deviation of collapsed wells in Halahatang Oilfeld
综上,储层天然裂缝发育、井眼钻遇稳定型较差的天然裂缝、射孔酸压改造是导致缝洞型碳酸盐岩油井井壁垮塌的主要原因,井斜斜度与井壁垮塌无必然联系,但大斜度井垮塌后对产层影响大。
Conclusions
(1)哈拉哈塘井壁垮塌层位主要为奥陶系良里塔格组和一间房组,吐木休克组顶底少量井段也存在垮塌。
(2)哈拉哈塘油田井壁垮塌的主要原因为:处于构造运动影响区,构造应力大;部分井段(吐木休克组顶部)泥质含量高,岩石强度低;酸压、射孔使岩石发生破裂,岩石强度降低;原油生产导致地层压力释放,破坏了井内压力平衡。
(3)影响井壁垮塌内因包括储层性质、储集规模和区域地应力,外因包括完井方式和储层改造措施。
(4)储层天然裂缝发育、井眼钻遇稳定型较差的天然裂缝、射孔酸压改造是导致本区井壁垮塌的主要原因,井型对井壁垮塌也有一定的影响。
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(修改稿收到日期 2017-07-03)
〔编辑 薛改珍〕
Analysis on the causes of the open-hole section collapse of oil production wells in Halahatang Oil field
YANG Wenming, CHANG Lunjie, ZHU Yi, GAO Chunhai, LUO Shenchao
Development Management Department, CNPC Tarim Oil field Company, Korla 841000, Xinjiang, China
The oil wells in Halahatang Oilfeld are mainly in the pattern of open hole completion. Due to the borehole instability in the process of production, wellbore collapse of different degrees happen in some open-hole sections, leading to production reduction and even shut in of the oil wells. And as a result, the normal production of the oil wells is seriously impacted. In this paper, the return cuttings and the caliper log of collapsed wells were analyzed comprehensively. It is fgured out that the wellbore collapse mainly occurs in the Lianglitage Formation and Yijianfang Formation. Then, the in-situ stress feld and the collapse horizon, completion mode, reservoir type and production performance of collapsed wells were analyzed from the viewpoint of wellbore collapse mechanisms. It is indicated that the wellbore collapse is mainly caused by the joint effect of internal and external factors of oil wells. The internal factors include reservoir property, reservoir scale and regional in-situ stress, and the external factors include completion mode and reservoir stimulation measure. It is revealed that the matching relation between the well track and the natural fracture has some effect on wellbore stability(the internal factor), and in-situ stress imbalance, low rock strength, formation pressure release, acid fracturing and perforation are the external factors as well as the main causes of wellbore collapse in Halahatang Oilfeld.
Halahatang; carbonate rock; wellbore collapse; stress imbalance; acid fracturing; perforation
杨文明,昌伦杰,朱轶,高春海,罗慎超.哈拉哈塘油田生产井井壁垮塌原因分析[J] .石油钻采工艺,2017,39(4):424-428.
TE273
A
1000 – 7393( 2017 ) 04 – 0424 – 05
10.13639/j.odpt.2017.04.006
:YANG Wenming, CHANG Lunjie, ZHU Yi, GAO Chunhai, LUO Shenchao. Analysis on the causes of the open-hole section collapse of oil production wells in Halahatang Oilfeld[J]. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 2017, 39(4): 424-428.
杨文明(1983-),2008年毕业于西南石油大学油气田开发工程专业,现主要从事碳酸盐岩油藏研究与管理工作,工程师。通讯地址:(841000)新疆库尔勒市塔里木油田分公司开发事业部。电话:0996-2175635。E-mail:252154860@qq.com