余 娟,赵明中,王云峰,张玉芝,李慧敏,刘莉娟,赵宪文
·调查研究·
郑州市某院住院高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁患病现况调查
余 娟,赵明中,王云峰,张玉芝,李慧敏,刘莉娟,赵宪文
高血压;焦虑;抑郁;郑州市;横断面研究
余娟,赵明中,王云峰,等.郑州市某院住院高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁患病现况调查[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2017,25(6):65-67,72.[www.syxnf.net]
YU J,ZHAO M Z,WANG Y F,et al.Prevalence survey on anxiety and/or depression in inpatients with hypertension in a hospital in Zhengzhou[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2017,25(6):65-67,72.
“双心医学”是近年来兴起的由心血管病学与心理医学交叉、综合而形成的一门学科。高血压是一种临床常见心血管疾病,属于身心疾病,随高血压病程延长患者心理负担逐渐加重并产生焦虑、抑郁情绪。有研究表明,焦虑和/或抑郁在一定程度上影响着高血压患者病情及预后[1-2]。近年来,随着人们生活节奏加快及生活方式改变,高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁发生率呈逐年升高趋势,但目前有关住院高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁患病现况的研究报道较少。本研究旨在调查郑州市第九人民医院住院高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁患病现状,为临床有效防治高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁提供参考,现报道如下。
1.1 调查对象 2013年10月—2014年5月,选取在郑州市第九人民医院住院的高血压患者325例,均符合《中国高血压防治指南2010》中的高血压诊断标准[3];年龄≥18岁。排除标准:(1)继发性高血压;(2)伴有高血压并发症或严重器质性疾病者;(3)伴有癌症者;(4)伴有慢性骨关节疾病者;(5)伴有阿尔茨海默病者;(6)有精神疾病病史者;(7)正在服用抗焦虑或抗抑郁药物者;(8)对本研究所用药物过敏或存在相关药物禁忌证者。
1.2 调查方法 对参与调查的人员进行统一培训后采用自制调查问卷采集调查对象相关信息,包括性别、年龄、收入状况、高血压分级、住院次数、睡眠质量。
1.3 焦虑、抑郁诊断标准 所有患者在医师指导下填写医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS),不能独立完成填写者则由医师或患者家属代为填写;HADS由两部分组成,每部分包含7个项目,HADS评分0~7分为正常,HADS评分≥8分时由高年资心理科医师采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)进行专业评估, HAMA评分≥14分为焦虑;HAMD评分≥17分为抑郁[4];PSQI评分越高表明睡眠质量越差,其中PSQI评分<3分为睡眠质量良好,PSQI评分3~8分为睡眠质量一般,PSQI评分>8分为睡眠质量较差。
1.4 入院诊断情况 由负责资料收集的人员收集患者入院时首诊医师对焦虑和/或抑郁诊断情况及治疗情况。
1.5 统计学方法 数据录入采用EpiData软件,采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据处理,计数资料分析采用χ2检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁发生情况 共发放问卷325份,回收有效问卷310份,有效回收率为95.38%。310例高血压患者中男201例,女109例;平均年龄(58.4±11.7)岁;存在焦虑和/或抑郁者共140例,发生率为45.16%,其中焦虑患者77例(占55.00%),抑郁患者34例(占24.29%),焦虑和抑郁患者29例(占20.71%)。不同性别、年龄、住院次数、睡眠质量高血压患者焦虑或抑郁发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同收入状况、高血压分级高血压患者焦虑或抑郁发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同性别、年龄、睡眠质量高血压患者焦虑和抑郁发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同收入状况、高血压分级、住院次数高血压患者焦虑和抑郁发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,见表1)。
高血压是终身性疾病,而随着病程迁延部分患者由于血压控制效果不佳、出现高血压相关并发症等而产生紧张、焦虑、恐惧、不安等负性情绪[5];目前,高血压被认为是一种具有特殊病理生理基础的身心疾病。据统计,高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁发生率为40%~70%,且漏诊率和误诊率较高[6-7];国内医院非精神心理科室对精神障碍患者诊断率仅为15.9%,漏诊率高达84.1%[8];焦虑和抑郁患者治疗率分别为3.2%和1.6%,而心血管疾病合并焦虑和/或抑郁患者治疗率<1%[9]。目前,临床医生诊治高血压时忽视精神心理因素的现象较为普遍,可导致患者治疗依从性和生活质量下降。近年来,随着“双心医学”发展,有效防治高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁已成为“心脏整体防治体系”的重要组成部分,临床医生对焦虑、抑郁等心理障碍的识别率有所提高[10]。
本研究结果显示,310例高血压患者存在焦虑和/或抑郁者共140例,发生率为45.16%,高于HILDINGH等[11]研究结果,提示郑州市第九人民医院住院高血压患者入院时焦虑和/或抑郁发生率较高,分析其可能原因为住院高血压患者病情及心理负担较重。本研究结果显示,不同性别、年龄、住院次数、睡眠质量高血压患者焦虑、抑郁发生率间存在差异,不同性别、年龄、睡眠质量高血压患者焦虑和抑郁发生率间存在差异,分析其原因主要包括以下几个方面:(1)高血压是一种慢性终身性疾病,患者需长期依赖药物维持血压稳定[12-13],而女性天生较为敏感,对药物相关不良反应的担心较多,导致焦虑和/或抑郁发生风险升高。研究表明,女性焦虑和/或抑郁发生率较高[14],且绝经后女性内分泌变化可导致心血管疾病发生风险升高,提示女性焦虑和/或抑郁的发生可能与内分泌异常有关[10]。(2)随着年龄增长,机体自身调节能力降低,长期药物治疗易使高龄高血压患者产生负性情绪,进而引发焦虑和/或抑郁。(3)频繁入院治疗会增加高血压患者心理负担及经济压力,导致焦虑和/或抑郁发生风险升高。(4)睡眠质量较差可导致高血压患者精神紧张、烦躁、易怒等,并影响神经系统调节功能,增加焦虑和/或抑郁发生风险。
综上所述,郑州市第九人民医院住院高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁发生率及漏诊率较高,检出率较低且治疗规范性较差。高血压是临床常见病、多发病,临床医生应逐步加强对“双心治疗模式”的认识,努力提高对心血管疾病患者心理障碍的诊治水平。本研究为单中心研究且样本量有限,未能分析传统生物医学模式下焦虑和/或抑郁漏诊率较高的原因及焦虑和/或抑郁对高血压患者不良心血管事件的影响,有待于在今后的研究中进一步深入探讨。
表1 高血压患者焦虑和/或抑郁相关因素分析
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(本文编辑:李洁晨)
Prevalence Survey on Anxiety and/or Depression in Inpatients with Hypertension in a Hospital in Zhengzhou
YUJuan,ZHAOMing-zhong,WANGYun-feng,ZHANGYu-zhi,LIHui-min,LIULi-juan,ZHAOXian-wen
HeartCenter,theNinthPeople′sHospitalofZhengzhou,Zhengzhou450053,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:ZHAOMing-zhong,E-mail:jymzzhao@163.com
Objective To investigate the prevalence of anxiety and/or depression in inpatients with hypertension in the Ninth People′s Hospital of Zhengzhou.Methods A total of 325 inpatients with hypertension were selected in the Ninth People′s Hospital of Zhengzhou from October 2013 to May 2014,self-made questionnaire was used to collect related information,including gender,age,income situation,hypertension grading,times of hospitalization and sleeping quality;incidence and related factors of anxiety and/or depression,admitting diagnosis and treatment were analyzed.Results The effective response rate of questionnaire was 95.38%(310/325).The incidence of anxiety and/or depression was 45.16%(140/310),including 77 cases with anxiety(accounting for 55.00%),34 cases with depression(accounting for 24.29%),29 cases with anxiety and depression(accounting for 20.71%).There were statistically significant differences of incidence of anxiety,of depression in hypertension patients with different gender,with different age,with different times of hospitalization,with different sleeping quality(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences of incidence of anxiety or depression was found in hypertension patients with different income situation,or with different hypertension grading(P>0.05);there were statistically significant differences of incidence of anxiety and depression in hypertension patients with different gender,with different age,with different sleeping quality(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences of incidence of anxiety and depression was found in hypertension patients with different income situation,with different hypertension grading,or with different times of hospitalization(P>0.05).The detection rate of anxiety and/or depression was 19.29%(27/140)at admission,the missed diagnosis rate was 80.71%(113/140);thereinto 23 cases
anti-anxiety and/or anti-depression treatment,including 10 cases treated with vitamins(accounting for 43.48%),6 cases treated with Chinese traditional patent medicine(accounting for 26.09%),4 cases treated with benzodiazepines(accounting for 17.39%),2 cases treated with flupenthixol and melitracen(accounting for 8.69%),1 case with mirtazapine tablets(accounting for 4.35%).Conclusion Incidence and of missed diagnosis rate of anxiety and/or depression are relatively high in inpatients with hypertension in the Ninth People′s Hospital of Zhengzhou,with relatively low detection rate at admission and poor normalized treatment,that should pay more attentions to and take active prevention and control measures.
Hypertension;Anxiety;Depression;Zhengzhou;Cross-sectional studies
河南省科技攻关项目(201403243);河南省郑州市金水区科技攻关(20143344);郑州市科技局“临床药学科研基金”(CZSYJJ14023)
赵明中,E-mail:jymzzhao@163.com
R 544.1 R 749.72 R 749.42
A
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2017.06.016
2017-03-10;
2017-06-18)
450053河南省郑州市第九人民医院心脏中心