风景园林之于城市设计

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风景园林之于城市设计

每座城市都不相同，如不同的地理位置、自然条件、历史发展和社会变迁，不同的空间、路网、街区、建筑和绿地，不同的市民、文化及方言。我不知道自己去过多少个城市，对这些城市的印象也是千差万别。我曾经在5座城市生活都超过4年时间，这些经历让我深深地体会到城市对人的巨大影响，可以说有怎样的城市，就有怎样的生活。

我最近到过的城市是富顺，一个“因盐而兴”的具有千年历史的小城。把富顺称为城市或许有些勉强，因为她只是四川省的一个县城。富顺城虽小，然而古人的城市选址和城市营建却是在一个非常宏大的视野下进行的。富顺老城坐落在沱江迂回转弯所形成的一个半岛上，城市北、东、南三面被江水环绕，西部是延绵的丘陵山峦。诸山雨水汇集于城内西北隅的一片低洼地带，经人工梳理，形成了西湖。西湖不仅是城市的调蓄池，保证富顺免受洪涝和干旱的威胁，也为市民提供生活用水。经历代经营，西湖成为一个充满诗情画意的湖泊，素有“天下西湖三十六，富顺西湖甲四川”之说。城中道路和建筑均依山水格局而建，有机自然，尺度宜人。这是一个山、湖、城融为一体、城江相依的风景之城，也是一个典型的中国山水城市。

今天，富顺老城在整体上仍具有完整的山水体系，人性化的空间、亲切的邻里关系和浓厚的生活气息，然而这些特质都无法弥补城中市政设施不完善、建筑质量低、居住条件差的不足，再加上机动车交通量的剧增，旧城不可避免地开始了更新的过程，道路在逐渐变宽，一些老民居被拆除，变成广场或被新建的更大体量的建筑取代，步行主导的公共空间和街道开始被机动车占据，人性化的空间尺度正在改变，山水融合的空间体系开始变得破碎而杂乱。

由于人口的增加，生活和交通方式的改变，富顺也在迅速向外蔓延，呈现出“摊大饼”式的发展态势。虽然新建城区的基础设施和建筑质量远远优于老城，但与老城相比，城市新区却缺失了理想城市最应该具备的两个重要品质：在大尺度上，新城失去了与自然山水之间的关联、失去了城市内外自然系统的贯通与完整及城市的独特个性；在小尺度上，新城失去了亲切宜人的空间和人性化的环境，失去了邻里亲情及多样的城市生活。

富顺虽小，但是她几乎折射出今天中国所有城市的普遍状况。面对中国历史城市正在迅速改变的现实，我们需要对这些老城进行再设计，在完善老城的基础设施、提高居住质量，使它们更适应新的城市生活要求的同时，仍然维护好这些老城特有的山水结构和景观系统，保持城市的活力和生活气息，延续这些城市历经千百年传承下来的城市基因。面对中国已经建成的数不胜数的城市新区，面对未来将要开始的一些新区规划和建设，我们同样需要对城市进行设计，解决新城在人工建造与自然山水之间、大尺度与人性化之间、快节奏与慢生活之间的矛盾。

这里所说的设计与再设计都与城市设计相关。中国正处于快速城市化发展阶段，巨大的建设量不仅在瞬间改变了老城演变固有的节奏，也催生出数不尽的新区新城。无论是老城还是新城，矛盾都会越来越突出，问题也会越来越尖锐，所以城市设计迫在眉睫。

以风景园林的视野看，城市设计应该为中国的城市解决什么问题？城市所固有的山水结构体系应该要得到维护，城市中浓厚的生活气息应该得到保持，城市内外生态敏感的地带和具有独特自然与文化价值的区域要得到有效的保护，受损的环境需进行修复，自然系统应完整贯通，公共空间应更加人性化，城市中各种复杂的互相分离的工程建造可以通过景观规划和设计的途径整合在一起，并在一定程度上实现绿色化。

中国的每一座城市仍然具有建立起完整的城市内外自然系统的机会，每一座城市仍然具有成为与自然和谐共处、人文价值独特、尺度宜人、充满诗意、富有活力的城市的条件。风景园林师必须广泛从事城市设计的工作，通过城市设计来改善城市。

主编：王向荣教授

2017年4月17日

The Landscape Architecture Towards Urban Design

Each city has its uniqueness, with different geographical locations, natural conditions, historical development and social transformation processes, cities differ in spaces, road networks, blocks, buildings and green spaces, citizens, cultures and dialects. It's hard to recall how many cities I have been to, and various impressions were left. Five among all I have lived for more than four years, such experiences enable me to deeply realize the city's great impact on people. In other words, life is determined by the city it faced with.

The city I have recently been to is Fushun, a small city "thriving on salt" with a thousand year's history. It is actually a small town in Sichuan province and barely to be called a city. Though it is small, the site locating and construction of the city are considered in a very macroscopic view in ancient times. The old town of Fushun is located in the peninsula formed by the circuitous Tuojiang River. Thus the city is surrounded by the river in the north, east and south directions, while the west is hilly area. Rain water converges together from the hills into a low-lying area at the northwest corner of the city, forming the West Lake with the help of artificial restructure. West Lake is not only the city's water reservoir in case of flood and drought, but also the source of domestic water for the public. With the management throughout dynasties, West Lake has now become a poetic and idyllic landscape, as the saying goes "There are numerous West Lakes in the world, among which Fushun West Lake tops in Sichuan." Roads and buildings in the city are all constructed in accordance with the landscape pattern naturally and systematically, meanwhile in appropriate scale. It is a scenic city integrating mountain, lake and city, being a typical Chinese landscape city.

Today, with humanize space, friendly neighborhood and strong life vitality, the old town of Fushun still has a complete landscape system on the whole. However these characteristics can hardly make up for the city's imperfect municipal facilities, inferior construction quality and poor living condition. Coupled with the heavy motor vehicle traffic, the old town has inevitably began the process of renewal: roads were gradually widened, old houses were demolished and either transformed into squares or newly-built huge buildings, pedestrian-prior public spaces and the streets began to be occupied by motor vehicles. The humanized spatial scale is transforming and the landscape integrated space system is being shattered into a mess.

As the population increases, life style and transportation mode change, Fushun is also spreading out ward rapidly like "making a pancake". Although the infrastructure and construction quality of new town are far superior to those of the old town, two crucial qualities for ideal city are deficient in the newly-built urban area: on broad scale, the correlation with natural landscape vanished, the unity and integration of the natural system in and out the city is obscured and thus its unique identity disappeared; while on a small scale, the new urban area failed to organize friendly spaces and humane environment, thus the neighborhood affection and diverse urban life are devitalized.

Fushun is a small case, but it reflects the general situation of almost all the cities in China today. Confronted with the reality that China's historic cities are rapidly changing, we feel obliged to carry out redesigns for these old cities. Old cities should be accommodated to meet the requirements of new urban life by improving the infrastructure and promoting living quality. Meanwhile it is essential to maintain the unique landscape structure and system of the old city, to preserve its vitality and liveliness and to continue the city gene passed down for thousands of years. In the face of numerous new urban areas in China, also the planning and constructions to be started in the future, effective design is urgently needed to solve the conflicts between artificial construction and natural landscape, between the broad scale planning and humanize design and between the fast-paced and slow-paced lifestyles in the city.

Here the design and redisign process are both concerned with orban design. China is in the stage of rapid urbanization development, the huge amount of construction not only transformed the inherent rhythm of the old city evolution in short period of time, but also gave birth to countless new districts or new towns. Whether in the old or new urban area, the conflicts will only become more prominent and problems will be sharper, therefore urban design is of great urgency.

In the view of landscape, what problem should urban design be solved for Chinese city? The inherent urban landscape structure system should be maintained, the strong atmosphere of life should be valued, the areas with ecological sensitivity and unique natural or cultural value should be effectively protected, damaged environment need to be restored, natural systems should be fully penetrated, public spaces should be more humanized, complex construction projects can be integrated together through landscape planning and design approach, and greened to a certain extent.

Each city in China still owns the opportunity to establish a complete natural system inside and outside the city, equipped with the qualities to become a natural-harmonious and cultural-valuable city, with pleasant scale, idyllic scenic and living vitality. Landscape architects should be widely involved in urban design to improve our cities.

Translator: WANG Xi-yue

Chief Editor: Prof. WANG Xiang-rong

April 17th, 2017